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青貯玉米與食用玉米到底有什么不一樣?

2016-03-25 09:26:24 來(lái)源:致富幫 閱讀量:19615 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:自從2015年中央農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議后,農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革成為2016年農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中具指導(dǎo)性的詞匯,而這其中玉米成為*的農(nóng)作物。一方面,是減少玉米種植面積,另一方面是食用玉米與青貯玉米之間切換。

      【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 行業(yè)要聞】自從2015年中央農(nóng)村工作會(huì)議后,農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革成為2016年農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中具指導(dǎo)性的詞匯,而這其中玉米成為*的農(nóng)作物。一方面,是減少玉米種植面積,另一方面是食用玉米與青貯玉米之間切換。

玉米青貯后

      在當(dāng)今“糧經(jīng)飼統(tǒng)籌”的鼓勵(lì)下,玉米君也是火的如日中天,有的地方正在試點(diǎn)將食用玉米改種飼用玉米,有的地方正準(zhǔn)備將部分食用玉米改為飼用玉米 有些農(nóng)民朋友把飼用玉米簡(jiǎn)單地理解為普通玉米未完全成熟時(shí)收割下來(lái)就是飼用玉米。這顯然是不對(duì)的。那么,食用玉米與飼用玉米究竟有何區(qū)別呢?種什么樣的飼用玉米更好呢?

      食用玉米與飼用玉米的區(qū)別?

      沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)的王立為老師說(shuō): “一般玉米按照用途可以分為食用玉米和特種玉米兩大類,飼用玉米是特種玉米的一種,生長(zhǎng)迅速,產(chǎn)量高,飼用玉米一般植株特別高大,有的時(shí)候長(zhǎng)到2.5米到3.5米,高有長(zhǎng)到4米的。以生產(chǎn)新秸稈為主,食用玉米以產(chǎn)玉米籽粒為主。

      飼用玉米佳收獲期一般在籽粒成熟的乳熟末期或者蠟熟前期時(shí)產(chǎn)量高,營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值比較好。食用玉米的收獲期必須是在晚熟期以后,選擇專用的飼用玉米品種可以獲得很高的產(chǎn)量,但也有一些人把普通玉米提前收割當(dāng)做飼料用,這樣產(chǎn)量會(huì)比較低。一般在中等地力條件下,采用專用的飼用玉米品種秸稈畝產(chǎn)一般達(dá)到4~6噸左右,普通食用玉米秸稈一般是2~3噸左右。”

      飼用玉米:飼用玉米是指專用于畜牧業(yè)的一種"其果穗、莖葉都可用作飼料的作物。飼用玉米具有產(chǎn)量高、營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富"素有“飼料”的美譽(yù)"是*用于生產(chǎn)畜產(chǎn)品重要的飼料來(lái)源之一。 種植飼用玉米不僅可以收獲一定的籽粒用作精飼料,而且其莖葉鮮綠度好、營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、產(chǎn)量高,是青貯、配合飼料或直接喂養(yǎng)的飼料。

長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好的青貯玉米

      飼用玉米的分類:

      1、青貯專用型玉米。是指產(chǎn)量高、品質(zhì)好、只能作青貯的玉米品種。


      2、糧飼兼用型玉米。是指先收獲玉米果穗,用作糧食或作配合飼料,后收玉米全株作青貯的品種。

      3、糧飼通用型玉米。指該玉米既可作為普通玉米品種,在成熟時(shí)收獲果穗,用作糧食或作配合飼料,也可以作為青貯玉米的品種,收玉米果穗在內(nèi)的全株,用作青飼料或青貯飼料。

      請(qǐng)注意:青貯并不指玉米品種,而是指用途,是將新鮮玉米存放到青貯窖中(即進(jìn)行青貯),經(jīng)發(fā)酵制成飼料。

      在山東省可用作飼用玉米的品種有魯單50、LD963、魯單981、掖單22號(hào)等品種。

      玉米是我國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)作物,以前是作為商品糧來(lái)種植的,即使是牧區(qū),也是棒子和秸稈分開收獲。對(duì)此我們應(yīng)該確立為養(yǎng)而種的觀念,擴(kuò)大飼用玉米種植面積。把發(fā)展飼用玉米與發(fā)展畜牧業(yè)有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái),既可為農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整開拓出新間,又能增加農(nóng)業(yè)的綜合效益。

      但是,要特別提醒大家的是,盡管飼用玉米的比較效益勝過(guò)食用玉米,但這里有一個(gè)重要前提,就是必須種養(yǎng)結(jié)合、就地消化、互為成本、才能盡量減少物流運(yùn)輸?shù)某杀?。事?shí)上,目前我國(guó)進(jìn)口的高粱作物很多,和飼用玉米之間形成了替代關(guān)系,總體而言種植玉米的成本還是比較高的,所以調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)的弦還是要時(shí)刻繃緊哦!

玉米青貯機(jī)械化

      青貯玉米如可保存?

      玉米秸稈青貯的方式有很多種,根據(jù)飼養(yǎng)規(guī)模,地理位置,經(jīng)濟(jì)條件和飼養(yǎng)習(xí)慣可分為:窖貯、包貯,也可在平面上堆積青貯等等。現(xiàn)就幾種常用的青貯方式及其方法介紹如下:
 
    窖貯是一種常見、理想的青貯方式。雖一次性投資大些,但窖堅(jiān)固耐用,使用年限長(zhǎng),可常年制作,貯藏量大,青貯的飼料質(zhì)量有保證。
 
    根據(jù)地勢(shì)及地下水位的高低可將青貯窖分為:地下、地上和半地下三種形式。
 
    1、選址:一般要在地勢(shì)較高、地下水位較低、背風(fēng)向陽(yáng)、土質(zhì)堅(jiān)實(shí)、離飼舍較近、制作和取用青貯飼料方便的地方。
 
    2、窖的形狀與大小:窖的形狀一般為長(zhǎng)方形,窖的深淺、寬窄和長(zhǎng)度可根據(jù)所養(yǎng)牛羊的數(shù)量、飼喂期的長(zhǎng)短和需要儲(chǔ)存的飼草數(shù)量進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。青貯窖四壁要平整光滑, 一定要注意防止?jié)B水和漏氣。要能夠密封,防止空氣進(jìn)入,且有利于飼草的裝填壓實(shí)。窖底部從一端到另一端須有一定的坡度,或一端建成鍋底形,以便排除多余的汁液。一般每立方米窖可青貯全株玉米500-600公斤。
 
    3、制作過(guò)程:原料切割的長(zhǎng)度一般為1cm—3cm左右 ,裝填時(shí)要壓實(shí),有利于排除其中的空氣。也有利于以后青貯飼料的取用, 切短后的青貯原料要及時(shí)裝入青貯窖內(nèi),可采取邊粉碎邊裝窖邊壓實(shí)的辦法。
 
    一般經(jīng)過(guò)40天—50天(20-35℃/天)的密閉發(fā)酵后,即可取用飼喂家畜。
 
    1、裹包青貯的制作
 
    將粉碎好的青貯原料用打捆機(jī)進(jìn)行高密度壓實(shí)打捆,然后通過(guò)裹包機(jī)用拉伸膜包裹起來(lái),從而創(chuàng)造一個(gè)厭氧的發(fā)酵環(huán)境,終完成乳酸發(fā)酵過(guò)程。
 
    2、裹包青貯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
 
     裹包青貯有以下幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn):制作不受時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的限制,不受存放地點(diǎn)的限制,若能夠在棚室內(nèi)進(jìn)行加工,也就不受天氣的限制了。與其他青貯方式相比,裹包青貯過(guò)程的封閉性比較好,通過(guò)汁液損失的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)也較少,而且不存在二次發(fā)酵的現(xiàn)象。此外裹包青貯的運(yùn)輸和使用都比較方便,有利于它的商品化。
 
    平面堆積青貯適用于養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模較小的農(nóng)戶,如養(yǎng)奶牛3-5頭或者養(yǎng)羊20-50只,可以采用這種方式,平面堆積青貯的特點(diǎn)是使用期較短,成本低,一次性勞動(dòng)量投入較小。制作的時(shí)候需要注意青貯原料的含水量 ,要壓實(shí),要密閉。

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