農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)布2017年青貯玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)

2017-04-21 11:19:23 來(lái)源：農(nóng)業(yè)部 閱讀量：16856 評(píng)論

　　青貯玉米是指在佳收獲期將包括果穗在內(nèi)的玉米地上部植株收獲，經(jīng)過(guò)整株切碎、加工或貯藏發(fā)酵，并以一定比例配置成用以飼喂以牛、羊?yàn)橹鞯牟菔臣倚蟮娘暳献魑??！度珖?guó)種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整規(guī)劃(2016-2020年)》提出，按照以養(yǎng)帶種、以種促養(yǎng)的原則，因地制宜發(fā)展青貯玉米，到2020年達(dá)到2500萬(wàn)畝。為充分發(fā)揮青貯玉米在種養(yǎng)結(jié)合等方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)，助力玉米種植結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，制定2017年青貯玉米生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)如下。
 
　　一是因地制宜，科學(xué)布局。按照資源稟賦和種養(yǎng)結(jié)合的要求，突出優(yōu)勢(shì)區(qū)域，科學(xué)安排布局，結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)匦竽翗I(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模和種植習(xí)慣，鼓勵(lì)有條件的種植大戶(hù)、家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)、農(nóng)民合作社，發(fā)展訂單生產(chǎn)、規(guī)?；N植，做到以養(yǎng)帶種、以種促養(yǎng)。
 
　　二是優(yōu)選良種，合理搭配。因地制宜選擇適宜當(dāng)?shù)胤N植的成熟期適宜、生物產(chǎn)量高、干物質(zhì)含量高、青貯品質(zhì)優(yōu)、持綠性好、耐密抗倒、抗病抗逆、適應(yīng)性廣的專(zhuān)用型或糧飼兼用型青貯玉米品種。根據(jù)養(yǎng)殖及市場(chǎng)需要，結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)刈匀粴夂蛱攸c(diǎn)，合理安排春播、夏播或一年兩茬的青貯玉米生產(chǎn)，做到播期合理、熟期搭配。。
 
　　三是精量播種，適當(dāng)增密。選用發(fā)芽勢(shì)強(qiáng)、活力高、適宜單粒精播的高質(zhì)量種子，通過(guò)單粒精量播種機(jī)進(jìn)行單粒精量播種，嚴(yán)把播種質(zhì)量關(guān)，確保一播全苗，提高群體整齊度。種植密度可比普通籽粒玉米品種適當(dāng)增加，一般畝增500株左右，畝保苗5000株左右。規(guī)?；N植時(shí)，科學(xué)制定種植計(jì)劃，分期播種，以便實(shí)現(xiàn)適期分批收獲。
 
　　四是肥水運(yùn)籌，加強(qiáng)田管。根據(jù)土壤肥力、產(chǎn)量目標(biāo)及品種需肥特點(diǎn)等，科學(xué)施用基肥、種肥和追肥，提高青貯產(chǎn)量。推薦雨養(yǎng)旱作種植，關(guān)鍵生育期遭遇干旱可適度進(jìn)行節(jié)水灌溉。注意防治玉米螟等病蟲(chóng)害，提高青貯品質(zhì)。
 
　　五是適期機(jī)收，穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保質(zhì)。專(zhuān)用青貯玉米的適收獲期為乳熟末期至蠟熟初期，全株含水率平均為65%-70%，干物質(zhì)含量達(dá)到30%以上。如以籽粒乳線(xiàn)位置作為判別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，乳線(xiàn)處于1/2至1/3時(shí)適期機(jī)械收割。收獲過(guò)早，則植株含水量高、干物質(zhì)低；收獲過(guò)晚，則酸性洗滌纖維增高、消化吸收率降低，同時(shí)因水分降低，不易壓緊，導(dǎo)致青貯發(fā)霉變質(zhì)，品質(zhì)下降等。
 
　　六是及時(shí)青貯，密封備用。及時(shí)、高質(zhì)量地進(jìn)行青貯，是制作青貯飼料的重要環(huán)節(jié)。收割后及時(shí)運(yùn)到加工地點(diǎn)，盡可能做到當(dāng)天收割當(dāng)天加工貯存。根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，因地制宜選擇青貯窖、青貯壕、青貯塔、青貯裹包等合適的青貯方式。將青貯玉米秸稈切碎小于2厘米、籽粒全部壓碎，及時(shí)裝填，均勻壓實(shí)，要嚴(yán)密封窖，防止漏水漏氣。密閉發(fā)酵6-7周，開(kāi)窖質(zhì)檢合格后即可飼喂家畜。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)部玉米專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組
 
　　全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心
 
　　(2017年4月19日)
 

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