國外農(nóng)用無人機發(fā)展有哪些是值得我們借鑒的？

2018-06-13 08:51:43 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：36460 評論

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】無人機無疑是近年來涌入大眾視野的“熱門”產(chǎn)品，在農(nóng)業(yè)領域也是如此，用植保無人機進行飛防作業(yè)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中越來越“吃香”。這種新的植保方式，因其施藥效果好、節(jié)水節(jié)藥能力強、省時省力效率高等明顯優(yōu)勢深受廣大農(nóng)民歡迎，市場需求極為強勁。
 
　　在當前農(nóng)村勞動力短缺的情況下，全面推廣無人機植保，對于推動我國農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化意義重大。對此，業(yè)界專家曾建議國家立項研發(fā)農(nóng)用無人機核心技術(shù)，規(guī)范無人機植保行業(yè)標準。雖然我國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國，農(nóng)用無人機需求巨大且發(fā)展迅速，但我國并非是發(fā)展較早、體系較成熟的國家。放眼，世界各國的農(nóng)用無人機發(fā)展情況是怎么樣的？發(fā)達國家的無人機行業(yè)有哪些是值得我們借鑒的呢？
 
　　美國：國家大力扶植，技術(shù)較為成熟的國家之一
 
　　美國是農(nóng)業(yè)航空應用技術(shù)較為成熟的國家之一，已形成較完善的農(nóng)業(yè)航空產(chǎn)業(yè)體系，據(jù)統(tǒng)計，美國農(nóng)業(yè)航空對農(nóng)業(yè)的直接貢獻率為15%以上。目前美國有農(nóng)用航空相關企業(yè)2000多家，年處理40%以上的耕地面積，全美65%的化學農(nóng)藥采用飛機作業(yè)完成噴灑，其中水稻施藥作業(yè)100%采用航空作業(yè)方式。
 
　　國家大力扶持農(nóng)業(yè)航空產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展是美國農(nóng)業(yè)航空發(fā)達的重要原因之一。美國從上世紀70年代就開始研究航空噴施作業(yè)技術(shù)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化模型，美國國會通過了豁免農(nóng)用飛機每次起降100美元的機場使用費的議案，2014年白宮的預算中預計繼續(xù)投入73億美元支持該議案，以降低農(nóng)業(yè)航空作業(yè)的成本；在NAAA的推動下，自2002年以來已投入約700萬美元用于農(nóng)業(yè)航空技術(shù)研發(fā)，參議院已通過議案將繼續(xù)大力支持開發(fā)更、使用成本更低的農(nóng)業(yè)航空相關技術(shù)。
 
　　日本：耕地面積小，對無人機依賴性大
 
　　日本糧食作物以水稻為主，不同于旱地，稻田特殊的環(huán)境使得地面裝備行走困難，加之地形結(jié)構(gòu)原因，無人機在日本占盡了優(yōu)勢。
 
　　日本植保無人機的研制工作始于上世紀80年代。到了1991年，日本農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)省出臺政策，推廣植保無人機在稻田中的應用，植保無人機在日本迎來了有利的大環(huán)境，大量植保無人機企業(yè)誕生。據(jù)田聯(lián)網(wǎng)報道，日本的植保有點類似于我們的統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治協(xié)會，或者是農(nóng)委、政府組織的一些農(nóng)機協(xié)會，在一個區(qū)域內(nèi)，一定時間內(nèi)集中噴灑，效率又高，成本又低。而且，在日本農(nóng)民購買無人機可以享受補貼。
 
　　澳大利亞：農(nóng)業(yè)強國，重視農(nóng)業(yè)
 
　　澳大利亞地廣人稀，擁有豐富的耕地和草地資源。2013年統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，澳大利亞人均天然草場近20hm2、人均耕地超過2hm2，分別約是中國的4倍和23倍。作為農(nóng)牧業(yè)高度發(fā)達的國家，澳大利亞早在上世紀60年代就實現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)機械化，更是早在1947年，已經(jīng)開始將飛機用于農(nóng)業(yè)噴撒。
 
　　在無人機的使用上，澳大利亞近來有放寬監(jiān)管的趨勢。2016年，澳大利亞民航局修改了原來相對比較嚴苛的商用無人機規(guī)定，從9月29日開始，無人機重量少于2公斤的商業(yè)無人機操作者只需要無人機操作員證書(ReOC)并通知民航局。
 
　　在農(nóng)業(yè)領域，當?shù)仃P于無人機報道大多是圍繞農(nóng)業(yè)展開。澳大利亞是一個注重發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的國家，將無人機在農(nóng)業(yè)遙感和農(nóng)業(yè)方面已經(jīng)得到認可和應用。據(jù)悉，澳大利亞全國有30%的農(nóng)業(yè)用地實現(xiàn)了從耕種、播種到施藥、灌溉等全過程的農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)。在這樣的大環(huán)境下，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的進一步推進，澳大利亞無人機在農(nóng)業(yè)領域還有很大的潛在市場。
 
　　韓國：市場相對開放，農(nóng)用無人機前景看好
 
　　韓國是一個多山國家，耕地資源相對緊缺，據(jù)大田農(nóng)社報道，韓國現(xiàn)有農(nóng)民約420萬，占總?cè)丝诘?%，農(nóng)業(yè)用地面積約為169.8萬公頃，占韓國國土面積的17%，其中三分之二的耕地為水田，主要是種植水稻。
 
　　韓國于2003年引進直升機用于農(nóng)業(yè)航空作業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)航空作業(yè)面積逐年增加，截至2010年，全國共有農(nóng)用直升機121架，約80%的飛機歸地方的農(nóng)協(xié)所有。韓國農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)食品部和農(nóng)協(xié)中央會曾計劃2013年飛機數(shù)量增至500架。
 
　　相比于其他國家對于無人機謹慎的態(tài)度，近年來韓國對于民用無人機發(fā)展是相對支持的。2013年韓國土交通部表示將投資1995億韓元(約合1.8億美元)重點推進民用無人駕駛飛機的研發(fā)工作。2016年，韓媒報道稱，韓國政府提出推動商用無人機在貨物運輸、山林保護、海岸監(jiān)控、國土調(diào)查、設備安檢、通信聯(lián)網(wǎng)、攝影休閑和農(nóng)用支援8個領域的應用，并決定在2018年前建立無人機專用機場。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　無人機植保作業(yè)與傳統(tǒng)植保作業(yè)相比，具有作業(yè)、環(huán)保、智能化、操作簡單等特點，為農(nóng)戶節(jié)省大型機械和大量人力的成本。綜上所述，農(nóng)業(yè)航空技術(shù)是上述國家農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要組成部分，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應用比重不斷加大。目前國內(nèi)無人機已經(jīng)得到了快速的發(fā)展和足夠重視，農(nóng)用無人機發(fā)展也正當其時，希望這些國外發(fā)展經(jīng)驗能對國內(nèi)無人機行業(yè)發(fā)展有一定借鑒意義。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：宇宸網(wǎng)、環(huán)球網(wǎng)，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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