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面對蝗災(zāi)，植保無人機(jī)能做什么？

2020-02-20 09:02:19 來源： DJI大疆農(nóng)業(yè) 閱讀量：15492 評論

導(dǎo)讀： 2月11日，聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織(FAO)向進(jìn)行了預(yù)警，稱希望高度戒備現(xiàn)在正在肆虐的蝗災(zāi)，防止被入侵國家出現(xiàn)糧食危機(jī)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】 2月11日，聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織(FAO)向進(jìn)行了預(yù)警，稱希望高度戒備現(xiàn)在正在肆虐的蝗災(zāi)，防止被入侵國家出現(xiàn)糧食危機(jī)。
 
　　據(jù)悉，本次蝗災(zāi)始于非洲，然后飛過紅海進(jìn)入中東，目前已經(jīng)到達(dá)了巴基斯坦和印度。此次蝗災(zāi)對農(nóng)作物的破壞力是東非地區(qū) 25 年之，是肯尼亞 70 年之，索馬里和埃塞俄比亞已宣布農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)完全停滯，鄰國巴基斯坦和印度兩國面臨著巨大的壓力。據(jù)測算，一平方公里大小容納8000萬只成年蝗蟲的蝗群，一天的食物消耗量與3.5萬人的食物消耗量相當(dāng)。
 
　　非洲蝗災(zāi)從何而來
 
　　2018 年 5 月份和 10 月份，兩場臺風(fēng)相繼登錄紅海兩岸的沙漠地帶，給干旱貧瘠的沙漠帶來了久違的雨水，也給生活在此處的沙漠蝗蟲帶來了*的繁殖條件和充足的食物，一時間，蝗蟲數(shù)量成倍的增加。到了2019年1月，蝗災(zāi)已經(jīng)在厄立特里亞和蘇丹的平原上初步成型。隨后，蝗蟲開始向周邊國家擴(kuò)散，一支向南飛向肯尼亞，另一支則乘著季風(fēng)跨越300公里寬的紅海出現(xiàn)在沙特阿拉伯。
 
　　盡管沿途國家采取了一系列防治措施，但是蝗群依然沖破重重關(guān)卡擴(kuò)大著它們的勢力。時至今日，蝗災(zāi)已經(jīng)形成了三個中心，分別在非洲東北部，紅海兩側(cè)以及印巴邊境。數(shù)以千億計的蝗蟲正在以驚人的速度搶奪著當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦目诩Z。然而，這似乎還只是一個開始。FAO預(yù)測，蝗災(zāi)的擴(kuò)大趨勢可能會延續(xù)到今年 6 月，屆時，蝗蟲群的規(guī)模甚至可以增長到當(dāng)前的500倍。
 
　　蝗災(zāi)是否會波及我國？
 
　　目前蝗蟲已到達(dá)印度?？紤]到我國邊境地區(qū)昆侖山脈和喜馬拉雅山脈阻隔，蝗蟲很難越過。我國西藏南部和云南西部邊境與尼泊爾和緬甸沙漠蝗發(fā)生區(qū)毗鄰，隨季風(fēng)可能有少量遷入我國，但危害的概率很小。目前，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部正密切跟蹤境外蝗災(zāi)動態(tài)，同時安排云南、西藏等省區(qū)加強(qiáng)邊境的蝗蟲監(jiān)測，嚴(yán)防遷入危害。
 
　　如何防治蝗災(zāi)？
 
　　在中國古代，蝗災(zāi)與水災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)一起并稱為三大自然災(zāi)害。據(jù)歷史記載，蝗災(zāi)在我國古代在 2-3 年就發(fā)生一次，給古代人民的生存帶來了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。在新中國成立之后，國家高度重視蝗蟲的防治，通過一代代人的努力，總結(jié)出一套“預(yù)防為主，綜合防治”的蝗蟲防治手段。使蝗災(zāi)在中國基本得到控制。
 
　　1、 生態(tài)控制
 
　　生態(tài)控制的目的在于消除有利于蝗蟲繁殖的條件。在沿海灘涂、湖濱地區(qū)、河泛地區(qū)、農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)等蝗蟲易于發(fā)生的地區(qū)。通過植樹種草、開墾荒地等方式加大植被覆蓋面積，壓縮蝗蟲生存空間，從而控制蝗災(zāi)。
 
　　2、 生物防治
 
　　在中低密度發(fā)生區(qū)、湖庫水源區(qū)和自然保護(hù)區(qū)，使用綠僵菌、微孢子蟲微生物制劑以及植物源農(nóng)藥、牧雞牧鴨等防治蝗蟲。
 
　　（1）生物農(nóng)藥
 
　　綠僵菌和蝗蟲微孢子蟲可寄生在蝗蟲上，導(dǎo)致蝗蟲死亡，并可以在蝗蟲之間傳播。通過噴灑綠僵菌或蝗蟲微孢子蟲制劑，可有效控制蝗蟲的種群密度。
 
　　（2）植物源農(nóng)藥
 
　　在非湖庫水源區(qū)蝗蟲發(fā)生區(qū)，當(dāng)蝗蟲密度發(fā)生較低或零星發(fā)生，噴灑苦參堿、印楝素、苦皮藤素等植物源農(nóng)藥防治蝗蟲
 
　　（3）牧雞牧鴨治蝗
 
　　針對新疆、內(nèi)蒙古等北方農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)或草原蝗區(qū)，在治蝗季節(jié)，在海拔不太高、地勢較平緩、交通方便 、離水源不遠(yuǎn)的蝗區(qū)，將培育調(diào)訓(xùn)好的牧雞、牧鴨運(yùn)到蝗蟲發(fā)生區(qū)，讓雞群或鴨群捕食蝗蟲，降低蝗蟲密度，控制蝗蟲危害。
 
　　（4）利用天敵保護(hù)
 
　　在新疆等粉紅椋鳥自然繁殖區(qū)，在蝗蟲發(fā)生區(qū)，通過人工修筑鳥巢，創(chuàng)造棲息產(chǎn)卵的場所來招引粉紅椋鳥產(chǎn)卵、育雛，通過招引粉紅椋鳥捕食蝗蟲，控制蝗蟲危害。
 
　　3、 化學(xué)防治
 
　　當(dāng)蝗蟲的密度達(dá)到了防治指標(biāo)時，可用化學(xué)農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行防治。目前常用的農(nóng)藥有：有機(jī)磷殺蟲劑(如馬拉硫磷)、擬除蟲菊酯類殺蟲劑(如高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯)。
 
　　當(dāng)進(jìn)行大面積作業(yè)時，可使用有人飛機(jī)。飛機(jī)單次起降作業(yè)面積一般應(yīng)在 500 公頃以上。飛機(jī)作業(yè)飛行高度 5 米至 l2 米,噴幅為 50 米至 100 米 ,飛行作業(yè)速度為 160 千米/小時左右。
 
　　在蝗蟲密度達(dá)到防治指標(biāo)，不具備飛機(jī)防治條件的蝗區(qū)，可采取地面施藥防治措施。在蝗蟲處于3 齡至4齡的時期。針對蝗蟲發(fā)生情況可以采取如下措施。
 
　　局部防治：對局部出現(xiàn)的成群蝗蟲和防治后殘存蝗蟲超過防治指標(biāo)的蝗區(qū)，進(jìn)行防治，控制蝗蟲的擴(kuò)散。
 
　　普遍防治：當(dāng)蝗蟲發(fā)生面積大、發(fā)生程度重，蝗蟲發(fā)生區(qū)距農(nóng)田較近時，進(jìn)行大范圍統(tǒng)一防治。
 
　　條帶防治：當(dāng)蝗蟲密度達(dá)到防治指標(biāo) ，蝗蟲發(fā)生區(qū)是距農(nóng)田較遠(yuǎn)的大面積荒地或草原。施藥方法為每間隔 50 米至 100 米的距離設(shè)一用藥帶。
 
　　植保無人機(jī)在蝗災(zāi)防治上的應(yīng)用
 
　　和有人飛機(jī)相比，植保無人機(jī)在蝗蟲防治上具有簡單易學(xué)，靈活機(jī)動，價格較低的優(yōu)點。同時，在一些坡度較大、溝壑縱橫的地區(qū)，植保無人機(jī)更能深入到復(fù)雜的環(huán)境里，對蝗蟲進(jìn)行全面防控。因此植保無人機(jī)作為一種全新的蝗蟲防治手段，已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用到我國蝗災(zāi)的防治當(dāng)中。
 
　　2017 年 9 月，由于連續(xù) 4 年的干旱，濰坊峽山水庫周邊蝗蟲大量繁殖，威脅到周邊農(nóng)田的安全。當(dāng)?shù)卣{(diào)用德農(nóng)商貿(mào)的 19 架大疆 MG-1S 無人機(jī)與直升機(jī)結(jié)合進(jìn)行條帶防治，在水庫周邊安全距離以外通過噴灑化學(xué)農(nóng)藥形成了一條長 30 公里、寬 500 米的隔離帶，有效的阻止了蝗蟲的擴(kuò)散。

濰坊無人機(jī)防治蝗蟲現(xiàn)場
 
　　2019 年 7 月，新疆伊犁州霍爾果斯地區(qū)為控制蝗蟲，對 28000 畝的草場進(jìn)行化學(xué)防治。由于當(dāng)?shù)仄露容^大，溝壑縱橫，有人飛機(jī)作業(yè)困難。于是從伊犁鵬飛致遠(yuǎn)公司調(diào)用 8 臺大疆 T16 植保無人機(jī)，用 10 天時間完成了防控任務(wù)。

霍爾果斯用T16防治蝗蟲
 
　　經(jīng)驗表明。用于條帶防治時，需要使用持效期較長的農(nóng)藥，如氯氰菊酯、三氯氟氰菊酯等。在藥效失效時進(jìn)行再次防治，直到蝗蟲密度降低至防治指標(biāo)以下。對于正在遷飛的小群蝗蟲，可在蝗蟲群落地休息時進(jìn)行噴霧，可用高效氯氟氰菊酯、馬拉硫磷等*性好的藥劑進(jìn)行噴霧防治。T16 及 T20 在防治蝗蟲時的作業(yè)參數(shù)如下：

　　蝗蟲防治作業(yè)環(huán)境多樣。應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)作業(yè)地形選擇作業(yè)模式。若作業(yè)區(qū)域較小且地形復(fù)雜，可使用手動作業(yè)模式。若作業(yè)區(qū)域較大且地形復(fù)雜，障礙物較多，可先用大疆 P4R 進(jìn)行測繪規(guī)劃航線后進(jìn)行飛防作業(yè)。若作業(yè)區(qū)域較平坦且地塊較大，可使用航線規(guī)劃模式作業(yè)。每次降落后，需清理掉落在飛機(jī)表面的蝗蟲尸體及殘渣，減輕作業(yè)負(fù)擔(dān)。
 
　　大疆農(nóng)業(yè)作為的植保無人機(jī)解決方案提供商，也將密切監(jiān)測國內(nèi)外的蝗災(zāi)動態(tài)。并推出相應(yīng)措施，積極地將無人機(jī)防治蝗災(zāi)的經(jīng)驗與思路，帶到海外的重災(zāi)區(qū)，幫助當(dāng)?shù)叵麥缁葹?zāi)。
 
　　拓展資料：雙面蝗蟲
 
　　此次帶來災(zāi)難的蝗蟲叫沙漠蝗(schistocerca gregaria)。實際上，在大多數(shù)時間里，沙漠蝗是一種獨(dú)居動物。它們習(xí)慣于在沙漠邊緣的草叢里安靜的停留。在同伴靠近時，他們會本能的躲開。
 
　　然而臺風(fēng)帶來的異常降雨，使蝗蟲的生存環(huán)境發(fā)生變化。適宜的土壤濕度非常有利于蝗蟲的繁殖，蝗蟲母親們紛紛向松軟的沙土中產(chǎn)下 80-120 枚卵，當(dāng)這些卵孵化后，蝗蟲群的密度大幅增加?；认x群*的啃食著沙漠中的植物，食物資源越來越少而蝗蟲越來越多，迫使蝗蟲們不斷聚集到剩余的植物上。
 
　　在此過程中，蝗蟲之間不免產(chǎn)生肢體的碰撞，這種碰撞會刺激蝗蟲產(chǎn)生一種叫做苯乙腈的信息素，這種信息素的釋放警告整個蝗蟲群體：食物不夠了，要想活，必須遷徙！食物的匱乏迫使蝗蟲改變了生存策略，此后，蝗蟲不再是那個孤僻的黃色小蟲，而是集合在一起形成了一股強(qiáng)大的力量，一只只蝗蟲猶如一架架小型戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)一樣升空，向著綠色，向著食物，前進(jìn)。在遷徙過程中，蝗蟲不斷繁殖，沿途的蝗蟲不斷加入，使得蝗蟲群像滾雪球一樣擴(kuò)大，終形成了我們今天看到的規(guī)模。

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