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農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部發(fā)布《東北地區(qū)倒伏玉米機(jī)收技術(shù)指引》

2020-09-16 08:44:59 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化管理司 閱讀量：16116 評論

導(dǎo)讀：秋收在即，近期東北部分地區(qū)遭遇臺風(fēng)和強(qiáng)降雨，部分玉米植株出現(xiàn)倒伏。為盡力減少倒伏玉米機(jī)收損失，現(xiàn)提出以下技術(shù)指引。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 秋收在即，近期東北部分地區(qū)遭遇臺風(fēng)和強(qiáng)降雨，玉米植株出現(xiàn)不同程度的倒伏情況。為有效應(yīng)對臺風(fēng)等自然災(zāi)害對糧食生產(chǎn)帶來的不利影響，大程度減少機(jī)收作業(yè)損失，提高機(jī)械化收獲的效率和質(zhì)量，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部在組織專家深入東北地區(qū)調(diào)研論證基礎(chǔ)上，研究提出了《東北地區(qū)倒伏玉米機(jī)收技術(shù)指引》，從適宜機(jī)具選擇、做好機(jī)具調(diào)試改裝、合理確定作業(yè)時(shí)間方式、強(qiáng)化作業(yè)安全以及收獲后處理等方面，提出了機(jī)收倒伏玉米的具體措施，指導(dǎo)東北地區(qū)科學(xué)有序開展倒伏玉米機(jī)械化收獲作業(yè)，為秋糧收獲進(jìn)倉提供技術(shù)支撐。
 
　　東北地區(qū)倒伏玉米機(jī)收技術(shù)指引
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機(jī)試驗(yàn)鑒定總站、農(nóng)機(jī)化技術(shù)推廣總站農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部主要農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組
 
　　2020年9月
 
　　秋收在即，近期東北部分地區(qū)遭遇臺風(fēng)和強(qiáng)降雨，部分玉米植株出現(xiàn)倒伏。為盡力減少倒伏玉米機(jī)收損失，現(xiàn)提出以下技術(shù)指引。
 
　　一、適宜機(jī)具選擇
 
　　一是收獲倒伏玉米，宜選用割臺長度長、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能玉米收獲機(jī)。二是對于有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊，宜選用履帶式收獲機(jī)，防止陷車。三是提前開展搶收作業(yè)時(shí)，籽粒含水量較高，宜選用果穗收獲機(jī)；籽粒含水率下降至25%以下，可選用籽粒收獲機(jī)。四是對于倒伏嚴(yán)重且植株折斷比率較高或有青貯飼料需求的地方，宜選用具有籽粒破碎功能的地滾刀割臺式青貯玉米收獲機(jī)。
 
　　二、做好機(jī)具調(diào)試改裝
 
　　作業(yè)季開始前對收獲機(jī)械進(jìn)行一次全面維護(hù)和檢查，確保機(jī)具在整個(gè)收獲期能正常工作。適當(dāng)調(diào)整輥式分禾器、鏈?zhǔn)捷o助喂入和撥指式喂入等裝置，提高倒伏作物喂入的流暢性；針對籽粒收獲機(jī)，應(yīng)調(diào)整滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速和凹板間隙等，避免過度揉搓，減少高水分籽粒破損，提高作業(yè)的可靠性。經(jīng)調(diào)試或改裝后的收獲機(jī)要做好試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，先局部后整體，認(rèn)真檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、割臺、輸送、剝皮、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)行情況，檢查升降系統(tǒng)是否工作正常，檢查有無異響和漏油、漏水，割臺、機(jī)架等部件有無變形等，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題逐一解決，并提前做好零配件的儲備，及時(shí)應(yīng)對機(jī)具故障。
 
　　三、合理確定作業(yè)時(shí)間方式
 
　　盡快排空田間積水，為機(jī)具進(jìn)地作業(yè)創(chuàng)造條件，防止機(jī)具下陷或打滑。有條件的地區(qū)，盡量選擇露水或霜消退后、日落溫度下降返潮前，進(jìn)行收獲作業(yè)。對于倒伏方向與種植行平行的玉米植株宜采取逆向?qū)π惺斋@方式，并空轉(zhuǎn)返回，有利于扶起倒伏玉米進(jìn)行收割；對于倒伏方向不一致的玉米植株宜采取往復(fù)對行收獲作業(yè)方式。作業(yè)時(shí)收獲機(jī)分禾器前部應(yīng)在壟溝內(nèi)貼近地面，并斷開秸稈還田裝置動力或?qū)⒃撗b置提升至高位置，防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎，方便人工撿拾，減少收獲損失。收獲作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低收獲速度確保正常作業(yè)性能，及時(shí)清理割臺，防止倒伏后玉米植株不規(guī)則喂入等原因造成的堵塞，影響作業(yè)效果加大作業(yè)損失。
 
　　四、強(qiáng)化作業(yè)安全以及收獲后處理
 
　　提高安全生產(chǎn)意識，科學(xué)規(guī)范操作，避免事故發(fā)生。對于改裝后存在安全隱患的部件，應(yīng)在明顯位置設(shè)置安全警示標(biāo)志。清理擁堵前，應(yīng)確保機(jī)具已經(jīng)停車熄火，防止割臺傷人。采取果穗收獲方式，應(yīng)及時(shí)對收集的果穗進(jìn)行人工清選，剔除霉變，保證糧食質(zhì)量，并離地儲存，通風(fēng)降水，有條件的可適時(shí)脫粒、烘干、倉儲。采取籽粒收獲方式，應(yīng)及時(shí)采用糧食烘干機(jī)進(jìn)行烘干，水分降至安全貯存含水率后倉儲。
 

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