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食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展：提高生產(chǎn)設(shè)施化工廠化水平勢在必行

2022-05-27 11:29:32 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：45723 評論

導(dǎo)讀：目前，中國食用菌生產(chǎn)幾乎全部屬于設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)范疇，即便是出菇階段可以直接在大田中進行的種類，如黑木耳、大球蓋菇等，在發(fā)菌階段仍需要相應(yīng)設(shè)施。食用菌生產(chǎn)已基本實現(xiàn)了設(shè)施化，設(shè)施化的最高境界是工廠化生產(chǎn)。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 市場行情】食用菌作為國際上公認的健康食品，是富含高蛋白，低脂肪、低熱量，含人體所需的多種營養(yǎng)元素，是兼有葷素兩者之長的主檔食品。當前國內(nèi)食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)已進入了快速發(fā)展階段，對機械化生產(chǎn)的需求日漸增加，這為相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)和產(chǎn)品發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的需求環(huán)境。
 
　　目前，中國食用菌生產(chǎn)幾乎全部屬于設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)范疇，即便是出菇階段可以直接在大田中進行的種類，如黑木耳、大球蓋菇等，在發(fā)菌階段仍需要相應(yīng)設(shè)施。食用菌生產(chǎn)已基本實現(xiàn)了設(shè)施化，設(shè)施化的最高境界是工廠化生產(chǎn)。
 
　　在安徽省，食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)作為該省的優(yōu)勢特色產(chǎn)業(yè)，其產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)值每年持續(xù)增長，位居全國前列。當前，安徽省食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)在產(chǎn)業(yè)布局、現(xiàn)代設(shè)施裝備水平、生產(chǎn)栽培技術(shù)模式、一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)融合發(fā)展、品牌創(chuàng)建等方面仍存在短板。日前，福建省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳發(fā)布關(guān)于推動食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的指導(dǎo)意見(簡稱：《指導(dǎo)意見》)，旨在推動安徽省食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，進一步提高食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展水平?！吨笇?dǎo)意見》提出7個方向：優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)域布局、推動全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈發(fā)展、提高生產(chǎn)設(shè)施化工廠化水平、培育壯大產(chǎn)業(yè)龍頭、推進產(chǎn)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展、加快創(chuàng)新成果轉(zhuǎn)化、強化政策扶持導(dǎo)向。
 
　　其中，提高生產(chǎn)設(shè)施化工廠化水平具體舉措為：以提高單位土地面積菇棚(房)栽培容積率及復(fù)種指數(shù)為導(dǎo)向，實施現(xiàn)代設(shè)施栽培提升行動，推廣高層、多層、立體式栽培模式，推動食用菌生產(chǎn)從橫向平面栽培向縱向立體栽培轉(zhuǎn)變。突出香菇、茶樹菇、毛木耳、秀珍菇等大宗季節(jié)性品種，推廣食用菌鋼架大棚設(shè)施栽培，配套添置溫光水氣等智能化自動化控制設(shè)備及多層架式栽培菇架，提升現(xiàn)代設(shè)施栽培水平。突出杏鮑菇、銀耳、金針菇、海鮮菇、鹿茸菇、繡球菌等工廠化生產(chǎn)品種，推廣自動化生產(chǎn)線、自動化高壓滅菌器、無菌凈化接種車間、現(xiàn)代發(fā)酵隧道、自動化切菇、分揀分選等先進設(shè)施裝備，加快物聯(lián)網(wǎng)等現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用，提升智能化、數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)管理水平。到2025年，鋼架大棚、溫控大棚等現(xiàn)代設(shè)施栽培產(chǎn)量占比提高到70%，全省工廠化食用菌栽培產(chǎn)量占比提高到30%。
 
　　近幾年，食用菌行業(yè)集中度在不斷的提高，表現(xiàn)在生產(chǎn)工廠的數(shù)量在大幅度的減少，而工廠化生產(chǎn)總量都在逆勢上漲。未來，工廠化的效率和成本優(yōu)勢會越來越明顯，個體散戶種植比例將快速減少，取而代之的是半機械化或全機械化工廠，隨之而來的是機械化水平的全面升級，半機械化工廠將升級為關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)實現(xiàn)機械化，而已經(jīng)全程實現(xiàn)了機械化的工廠將提高設(shè)備的利有率和提高自動化、智能化水平。
 
　　隨著消費者對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量要求的提高，勞動力成本的增加，設(shè)備設(shè)施性能的提升，工廠化生產(chǎn)將會繼續(xù)保持高速增長。但目前中國食用菌工廠化生產(chǎn)存在“生產(chǎn)工藝技術(shù)儲備不足、設(shè)備問題（使用壽命、故障率和維修成本）、專用型品種匱乏、企業(yè)缺乏核心競爭力、海外企業(yè)的競爭壓力”等諸多問題。
 
　　資料來源：福建省食用菌技術(shù)推廣總站、福建省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳、中商情報網(wǎng)。
 

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