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南方雙季晚稻中后期抗災(zāi)奪豐收技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2022-08-31 10:10:57 來(lái)源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量：13225 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：“處暑”已過(guò)，南方雙季晚稻（“雙晚”）正值拔節(jié)孕穗期，進(jìn)入產(chǎn)量形成關(guān)鍵期。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】7月下旬以來(lái)，南方地區(qū)出現(xiàn)1961年以來(lái)持續(xù)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)、影響范圍最廣、平均強(qiáng)度最大的高溫少雨天氣，旱情快速發(fā)展，疊加高溫?zé)岷?，?duì)秋糧生產(chǎn)造成嚴(yán)重威脅。當(dāng)前，“處暑”已過(guò)，南方雙季晚稻(“雙晚”)正值拔節(jié)孕穗期，進(jìn)入產(chǎn)量形成關(guān)鍵期，也是對(duì)高溫干旱敏感期，若高溫干旱持續(xù)發(fā)展，將對(duì)“雙晚”產(chǎn)量形成帶來(lái)較大影響。同時(shí)，“雙晚”生產(chǎn)后期還易遭受病蟲(chóng)害、“寒露風(fēng)”等災(zāi)害的影響。針對(duì)氣候特點(diǎn)和今年“雙晚”生產(chǎn)情況，提出緊緊圍繞“一抗四防”，提前做好抗高溫干旱、防旱澇急轉(zhuǎn)、防病蟲(chóng)害、防寒露風(fēng)、防早衰的準(zhǔn)備，落實(shí)足水孕穗、有水抽穗、寸水促穗、濕潤(rùn)壯粒等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)措施，科學(xué)應(yīng)對(duì)災(zāi)情，促進(jìn)“雙晚”增粒數(shù)、增粒重、奪豐收。
 
　　(一)抗高溫干旱。一方面，準(zhǔn)備抗旱水源。及時(shí)修繕建設(shè)農(nóng)田集雨蓄水設(shè)施，多引多提多蓄，蓄積雨水，攔截地表水，增加池塘、水庫(kù)蓄水，維修和開(kāi)掘灌溉水井。另一方面，科學(xué)管水抗旱。對(duì)有灌溉條件的田塊，采取深水降溫、小水勤灌、流水散熱等以水調(diào)溫關(guān)鍵措施，改善田間小氣候，做到能灌盡灌快灌。對(duì)水源不足田塊，盡可能新打一批抗旱水源井，組織飛防專(zhuān)業(yè)服務(wù)隊(duì)，集中開(kāi)展噴施葉面肥、抗旱保水劑等作業(yè)，以肥補(bǔ)水，提高“雙晚”抗性。
 
　　(二)防旱澇急轉(zhuǎn)。據(jù)氣象部門(mén)預(yù)測(cè)，今年南方地區(qū)華西秋雨開(kāi)始偏早、范圍偏廣、強(qiáng)度偏強(qiáng)，部分地區(qū)可能出現(xiàn)旱澇急轉(zhuǎn)、發(fā)生洪澇災(zāi)害。一旦發(fā)生洪澇漬害，要及時(shí)搶排積水，恢復(fù)土壤透氣性，養(yǎng)根護(hù)葉，促進(jìn)受澇作物生長(zhǎng)。抗洪排澇。對(duì)低洼易澇地塊，及時(shí)疏通溝渠，排除田間積水，追施速效氮肥，促進(jìn)根系和植株恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。洗苗扶苗。對(duì)積水田塊，要做到邊排水、邊洗苗，早扶苗、早恢復(fù)。結(jié)合排水或潑水洗苗，清除爛葉、黃葉。退水后，及時(shí)扶正植株，促進(jìn)恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。
 
　　(三)防病蟲(chóng)害。堅(jiān)持“抓早治小、關(guān)口前移”，重點(diǎn)防治水稻“兩遷”害蟲(chóng)、二化螟、稻瘟病、稻曲病、紋枯病等重大病蟲(chóng)害。大力推進(jìn)統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治和綠色防控，提高防治效果，實(shí)現(xiàn)化學(xué)農(nóng)藥減量增效。對(duì)“兩遷”害蟲(chóng)，實(shí)施聯(lián)防聯(lián)控、分區(qū)治理，稻飛虱突出壓前控后、嚴(yán)防暴發(fā)成災(zāi)，稻縱卷葉螟嚴(yán)格達(dá)標(biāo)防治、重點(diǎn)保護(hù)功能葉。對(duì)二化螟，推行適時(shí)擱田、深水滅蛹和性誘等成蟲(chóng)誘殺措施，同時(shí)抓住卵孵初期和低齡幼蟲(chóng)期用藥防治，減少蛀莖危害。對(duì)稻瘟病和稻曲病，突出抓好破口抽穗期噴施保險(xiǎn)藥，嚴(yán)防穗頸瘟、稻曲病發(fā)生流行。對(duì)紋枯病，抓住拔節(jié)期科學(xué)用藥，控制擴(kuò)展危害。
 
　　(四)防“寒露風(fēng)”。南方“寒露風(fēng)”是常發(fā)性低溫冷害，易造成作物生育延遲，影響結(jié)實(shí)灌漿，降低作物產(chǎn)量。堅(jiān)持“保地溫、促早熟、延遲收”的技術(shù)路線，改善田間小氣候，增強(qiáng)作物抵御低溫能力。灌水調(diào)溫。提早灌水防霜凍，做到夜灌日排，緩沖低溫影響。有條件的地方，可用秸稈、樹(shù)葉、雜草等作燃料造煙防霜，提高近地面溫度。促進(jìn)早熟。適時(shí)噴施磷酸二氫鉀、尿素等葉面肥、水溶肥，補(bǔ)充植株養(yǎng)分，增強(qiáng)抗寒能力。水稻適時(shí)斷水，防止貪青晚熟。適當(dāng)晚收。一旦發(fā)生低溫冷害，不要急于收獲，可適當(dāng)推遲收獲，延長(zhǎng)后熟生長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，促進(jìn)根莖儲(chǔ)存養(yǎng)分向籽粒轉(zhuǎn)移，減輕冷害影響。
 
　　(五)防早衰。巧施穗肥，在倒2葉抽出、倒1葉露尖時(shí)畝施尿素和氯化鉀各2—3公斤，促進(jìn)壯稈大穗。補(bǔ)施粒肥，對(duì)群體較小的田塊，在齊穗期畝施尿素2—3公斤。葉面噴肥，對(duì)孕穗抽穗期遭遇高溫的“雙晚”，高溫過(guò)后葉面可噴施0.2%磷酸二氫鉀溶液、3%過(guò)磷酸鈣溶液或植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑，增強(qiáng)植株抗逆能力，促進(jìn)籽粒灌漿，提高結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒重。
 
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