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春耕生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)
2024-03-21
10:31:28
來(lái)源:農(nóng)機(jī)化總站 閱讀量:17739
評(píng)論
導(dǎo)讀:為提高春耕生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平和機(jī)械化技術(shù)到位率,針對(duì)南方地區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)和北方地區(qū)春玉米(大豆)生產(chǎn)提出本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前,南方水稻、北方春玉米、春大豆正處于春耕備種的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。為提高春耕生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平和機(jī)械化技術(shù)到位率,針對(duì)南方地區(qū)水稻生產(chǎn)和北方地區(qū)春玉米(大豆)生產(chǎn)提出本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn),其他地區(qū)可參照應(yīng)用。
一、南方地區(qū)水稻育插秧
水稻機(jī)械化育秧移栽技術(shù)包括毯狀苗機(jī)械化育插秧、大缽體毯狀苗機(jī)械化育插秧、缽體苗機(jī)械化育插秧、缽體苗機(jī)械化有序拋秧等多種方式,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)水稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn),并具有災(zāi)害抵御能力強(qiáng)、除草劑使用少、稻谷品質(zhì)好等優(yōu)勢(shì),對(duì)于緩解南方多熟制茬口矛盾、提高復(fù)種指數(shù)具有重要意義,是水稻機(jī)械化種植的主要發(fā)展方向,應(yīng)作為主推技術(shù)重點(diǎn)應(yīng)用。
(一)耕整地
應(yīng)實(shí)行輪耕制度,一般三年左右開(kāi)展一次翻耕作業(yè),有效提高耕層厚度。在上茬作物收獲后應(yīng)及時(shí)耕翻曬垡,有條件的地區(qū)應(yīng)實(shí)行冬翻田。耕整地宜采用旱耕或濕潤(rùn)旋耕方式,秸稈宜還田,翻耕深度20cm以上,旋耕深度12cm以上,實(shí)現(xiàn)秸稈還田、埋茬覆蓋。翻耕或旋耕時(shí),可施用有機(jī)肥及其它基肥,使肥料翻埋入土,與土層混合。應(yīng)采用水田耙或平地
打漿機(jī)平整田面,沉實(shí)后達(dá)到機(jī)械移栽作業(yè)要求。由于雙季稻區(qū)茬口緊,應(yīng)及時(shí)耕整地,并留出足夠的沉實(shí)時(shí)間。
耕整地宜采用橡膠履帶式農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,禁止90及以上馬力
輪式拖拉機(jī)開(kāi)展水田機(jī)械化作業(yè),減少接地比壓,減少水田犁底層的破壞。
耕整地作業(yè)質(zhì)量應(yīng)達(dá)到“平整、潔凈、細(xì)碎、沉實(shí)”。加大激光、衛(wèi)星平地技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用,有利于高質(zhì)量整地和水肥藥高效利用。作業(yè)后,田塊應(yīng)平整,深度一致,地表高低落差≤3cm;田面應(yīng)潔凈,無(wú)殘茬、雜草等雜物;耕整后應(yīng)下碎上糊,上爛下實(shí);泥漿應(yīng)沉實(shí)達(dá)到泥水分清,寸水不露泥,沉實(shí)而不板結(jié),機(jī)械作業(yè)時(shí)不陷機(jī)、不壅泥,爭(zhēng)取水稻栽后早活棵、快分蘗、不僵苗的大田環(huán)境。
(二)播種育秧
1、品種選擇
根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件、種植制度、栽插季節(jié)、生產(chǎn)模式等選擇生育期適宜、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、抗逆、適應(yīng)性好、發(fā)芽率和分蘗力較強(qiáng)、適于機(jī)械移栽并通過(guò)審定的主推品種;雙季稻區(qū)應(yīng)統(tǒng)籌考慮早稻與晚稻品種生育期,合理搭配,確保安全抽穗,實(shí)現(xiàn)雙季機(jī)插高效生產(chǎn)。
2、育秧方式
培育適齡壯秧是水稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)。通過(guò)帶蘗標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壯秧的培育,達(dá)到預(yù)期田間栽插穴數(shù)和基本苗數(shù),使大田群體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均衡一致;帶蘗壯秧有利于早生快發(fā),爭(zhēng)取足穗,塑造壯桿大穗,使個(gè)體優(yōu)勢(shì)得到充分發(fā)揮,創(chuàng)造高產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)。應(yīng)選擇適宜的機(jī)械移栽育秧模式,宜采用集中育秧方式,著力提高秧苗素質(zhì)和育秧效率。集中育秧應(yīng)科學(xué)布局,經(jīng)濟(jì)適用,規(guī)模適度,便于統(tǒng)一管理和方便取秧、運(yùn)秧;應(yīng)做好集中催芽、精量播種、暗化出苗、苗期保溫保濕和水肥藥管理,降低育秧風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提供高素質(zhì)壯秧;特別注意預(yù)防低溫冷害和苗期病害,防止?fàn)€秧。
適宜機(jī)械移栽的壯秧應(yīng)根系發(fā)達(dá)、苗高適宜、莖部粗壯、葉挺色綠、青秀無(wú)病、均勻整齊。根系短、白、粗、多,盤結(jié)牢固,提起不散。毯狀秧苗葉齡3.0—4.5葉,苗高12—20cm;缽體秧苗可放寬至葉齡4.0—5.0葉,苗高12-25cm;最大不超過(guò)25cm,秧齡20—30天。移栽后發(fā)根力、抗逆性強(qiáng),能夠早扎根、早活棵、早發(fā)苗。
3、苗床準(zhǔn)備
按照排灌方便、背風(fēng)向陽(yáng)、肥力中等、便于管理的原則提前備足秧田(或大棚苗床),秧田與大田面積比一般為1:80—100,大缽體毯狀苗和缽體苗秧田與大田面積比為1:60—70。育秧床土應(yīng)提前調(diào)酸、培肥和消毒,pH值一般為4.5—6.0,最大不超過(guò)6.5;有條件地區(qū)宜選用基質(zhì)育秧。如采用大田秧池育秧,應(yīng)在播種前一周將秧田翻耕平整,達(dá)到“上糊下松、溝深面平、肥足草凈、軟硬適中”畦面標(biāo)準(zhǔn),秧床頂面寬1.3—1.4m,平整光滑;秧溝寬0.25—0.30m,深0.15—0.20m;四周開(kāi)較深圍溝,確保良好的通氣性、透水性,提高秧苗的抗低溫冷害能力。
4、適期播種
根據(jù)品種特性、早晚稻茬口期確定適宜播種期、播種量和秧齡,培育適齡壯秧;早稻根據(jù)氣象條件搶在冷尾暖頭的時(shí)間段播種,長(zhǎng)江中下游一般安排在3月中下旬。一般根據(jù)適宜移栽期,按照秧齡20—30天倒推播種期。播種時(shí),根據(jù)機(jī)插秧作業(yè)計(jì)劃做好分期播種育苗,防止移栽時(shí)秧苗超齡。應(yīng)盡可能采用機(jī)械化精量播種方式,宜選用流水線播種,一次性完成裝土、灑水(包括消毒、施肥)、精密播種、覆蓋表土等多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié);也可選用軌道式
播種機(jī)械;田間育秧可選用田間播種機(jī)械。
播種前,應(yīng)做好曬種、脫芒、選種、藥劑浸種和催芽等準(zhǔn)備工作,通過(guò)機(jī)械精選種子,提升發(fā)芽率,種子發(fā)芽率、成苗率≥95%;浸種前3—5天,選晴天曬種3—4小時(shí),雜交稻只攤開(kāi)透氣,不曬種。選種可采用風(fēng)選、篩選、水選等方式,水選一般用黃泥水或鹽水,溶液比重為1.05—1.10。選種后,應(yīng)用清水洗凈后再浸種,宜采用浸種催芽機(jī)集中催芽,根據(jù)種子發(fā)芽要求設(shè)置好溫濕度等指標(biāo),做到“快、齊、勻、壯”,以露白破胸為宜。
應(yīng)選擇冷空氣結(jié)束、氣溫變暖時(shí)搶晴播種。播種前,應(yīng)做好機(jī)械調(diào)試。應(yīng)調(diào)整至適宜的播種量、底土量和覆土量。播種量根據(jù)品種類型、季節(jié)和秧盤規(guī)格確定,常規(guī)稻播種量(30cm行距)秧盤一般100—150g/盤,每畝25盤左右;雜交稻可根據(jù)品種特性適當(dāng)減少播種量,一般70—90g/盤;窄行(25cm行距)秧盤按寬行(30cm行距)秧盤的面積作相應(yīng)的減量調(diào)整;播種應(yīng)精量均勻、不重不漏。底土厚度一般為2.2—2.5cm,覆土厚度為0.3—0.5cm,應(yīng)覆土均勻、不露籽。播種灑水量應(yīng)達(dá)到秧盤底土濕潤(rùn)、表面無(wú)積水、盤底無(wú)滴水,播種覆土后能濕透床土。
如采取大田育秧方式,應(yīng)將已播種的秧盤,移至秧池田,放置在準(zhǔn)備好的秧床上;秧盤應(yīng)盤邊相貼,搭建拱棚,蓋膜保溫,蓋膜后四周用泥土壓實(shí),防止被風(fēng)吹開(kāi),提高保溫效果。
5、秧苗管理
水分管理應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)旱育秧,保持秧板土壤濕潤(rùn)和供氧充足。如遇低溫冷害,應(yīng)及時(shí)蓋膜,保溫防凍,并灌深水護(hù)苗;低溫過(guò)后,應(yīng)逐漸排淺水層,以免造成秧苗生理失水,導(dǎo)致青枯死苗。2葉期后,應(yīng)以淺灌為主,保持土壤濕潤(rùn),不留水層,以水控苗,防止徒長(zhǎng)。移栽前5—6天,應(yīng)控濕煉苗,天晴灌半溝水蹲苗,或放水煉苗,促進(jìn)秧苗盤根成毯,增加秧塊盤結(jié)力,便于卷苗運(yùn)輸和機(jī)插作業(yè)。2葉1心時(shí),每畝施用尿素2kg作為斷奶肥;移栽前3—5天,每畝追施尿素2.5—3kg作“送嫁肥”。
應(yīng)適時(shí)(一般2葉1心開(kāi)始)揭膜煉壯苗,根據(jù)氣溫變化調(diào)控揭膜通風(fēng)時(shí)間和揭膜程度,一般晴天中午秧廂兩頭揭膜通風(fēng)換氣,傍晚時(shí)蓋好。膜內(nèi)溫度保持在20—30℃為宜,超過(guò) 30 ℃時(shí)應(yīng)揭開(kāi)薄膜兩頭進(jìn)行通風(fēng),控溫不超過(guò)35℃,以防止?fàn)€秧和燒苗。如遇長(zhǎng)期低溫陰雨,應(yīng)盡量延長(zhǎng)蓋膜期,促進(jìn)秧苗生長(zhǎng)。經(jīng)過(guò)充分煉苗后,秧齡在2.5—3葉時(shí)揭膜,揭膜時(shí)間宜選在晴天下午,廂溝內(nèi)先灌水后再揭開(kāi)兩頭或一側(cè),以防青枯死苗。揭膜后,如遇連續(xù)陰雨天氣或極端低溫惡劣天氣應(yīng)繼續(xù)蓋膜,每隔3—5天于中午揭開(kāi)兩頭通風(fēng)換氣,降低膜內(nèi)濕度,減輕霉菌的發(fā)生。秧苗移栽前3天應(yīng)揭膜煉苗,提高抗逆能力,以利于栽插后扎根返青。
應(yīng)加強(qiáng)苗期病蟲害防治,特別是立枯病和惡苗病的防治。移栽前,對(duì)秧苗噴施一次對(duì)口農(nóng)藥,做到帶藥栽插,以便有效控制大田活棵返青期的病蟲害。秧苗見(jiàn)綠后,應(yīng)根據(jù)機(jī)插秧齡和品種噴施生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑控制生長(zhǎng),可根據(jù)不同型號(hào)藥劑的產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行配制和施用,一般采用300ppm多效唑溶液每畝配水30kg均勻噴施。
(三)機(jī)插秧
1、秧苗準(zhǔn)備
根據(jù)作業(yè)時(shí)間和進(jìn)度,合理安排起秧時(shí)間和規(guī)模,做到隨起、隨運(yùn)、隨插;應(yīng)盡量減少秧苗擠壓和秧塊搬動(dòng),避免運(yùn)送過(guò)程中秧塊變形及秧苗折斷。起秧時(shí),應(yīng)先拉斷穿過(guò)盤底滲水孔的少量根系,連盤帶秧一并提起,再平放,小心卷苗脫盤;宜采用秧苗托盤和運(yùn)秧架運(yùn)秧;運(yùn)至田頭時(shí),應(yīng)卸下平放,使秧苗自然舒展,并及時(shí)采取遮蔭措施,嚴(yán)防暴曬,避免秧苗失水枯萎。
2、機(jī)械準(zhǔn)備
根據(jù)秧盤規(guī)格選擇適宜型式的插秧機(jī)。為提高工作效率和栽插質(zhì)量,宜選用高速乘坐式插秧機(jī);如需要提高栽插密度,可選用窄行(25cm)插秧機(jī);為提高肥料利用率,宜選用帶有同步側(cè)深施肥功能的插秧機(jī)。
插秧作業(yè)前,應(yīng)提前加注潤(rùn)滑油,并檢查調(diào)試插秧機(jī),一般空運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)5—10分鐘,確保各部件運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)靈活、無(wú)碰撞卡滯現(xiàn)象;應(yīng)提前調(diào)整栽插株距、取秧量和栽插深度。裝秧苗前,應(yīng)將秧箱移動(dòng)到導(dǎo)軌的一端,避免漏插;秧塊應(yīng)緊貼秧箱,不拱起,兩片秧塊接頭處應(yīng)對(duì)齊無(wú)間隙;必要時(shí),應(yīng)灑水潤(rùn)滑秧箱面板,使秧塊下滑順暢。
3、機(jī)插秧作業(yè)
著力提高栽插質(zhì)量。栽插質(zhì)量達(dá)到“淺、勻、直、穩(wěn)”,提高缽苗拋秧精度,實(shí)現(xiàn)有序定位定植;提高毯缽苗的移送、切塊精度,減少植傷,爭(zhēng)取早活棵、早返青,促進(jìn)低位有效分蘗。搶早栽插。早栽有利充分利用溫光資源和促進(jìn)有效分蘗,爭(zhēng)取多穗、構(gòu)建大穗,奠定優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)。
根據(jù)水稻品種及栽插季節(jié)確定適宜栽插密度,栽足穴數(shù)。根據(jù)水稻品種及氣候特點(diǎn),科學(xué)匹配行株距,達(dá)到適宜基本苗數(shù),確保有效穗數(shù),發(fā)揮移栽稻產(chǎn)量潛力。一般常規(guī)稻株距12—16cm,每穴3—5株,種植密度1.7—2.2萬(wàn)穴/畝;雜交稻株距14—17cm,每穴2—3株,種植密度1.6—2.0萬(wàn)穴/畝。為促進(jìn)低節(jié)位分蘗,宜淺栽。
作業(yè)后,秧苗應(yīng)栽插均勻,深淺一致,一般漏插率≤5%,傷秧率≤4%,漂秧率≤3%,插秧深度1—3cm。
(四)田間管理
1、施肥管理
根據(jù)水稻目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量、稻田土壤肥力和品種類型,結(jié)合測(cè)土配方施肥要求,確定合理氮、磷、鉀配比和精確定量施氮運(yùn)籌,培育高產(chǎn)群體;宜增施有機(jī)肥;一般有機(jī)肥和磷肥作為基肥,在整地前可采用機(jī)械撒肥機(jī)等施肥機(jī)具施入,經(jīng)耕(旋)耙施入土中。鉀肥按基肥和穗肥各50%施用;氮肥按基肥50%、分蘗肥30%、穗肥20%比例施用??蛇m當(dāng)增加磷、鉀肥的用量,以延長(zhǎng)葉片功能期,增強(qiáng)光合作用,培育壯稈大穗,獲得高產(chǎn)及超高產(chǎn)。實(shí)行秸稈還田的田塊,應(yīng)在基肥中加施10%氮肥。
不同稻區(qū)水稻高產(chǎn)栽培需肥量(kg/畝)
2、水分管理
應(yīng)提前檢修灌溉設(shè)施,增加灌溉水源,擴(kuò)大灌溉面積,推廣節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),及時(shí)澆灌保苗,加強(qiáng)抗旱春管。提倡稻田溝系配套,開(kāi)好水稻豐產(chǎn)溝。大田間隔3—4m開(kāi)寬25cm,深15cm豐產(chǎn)溝,同時(shí)開(kāi)好橫溝和圍溝,確保灌排暢通。通過(guò)干濕交替,適度擱田,可控制無(wú)效分蘗發(fā)生,達(dá)到預(yù)期穗數(shù);也可有效抑制基部節(jié)間伸長(zhǎng),增強(qiáng)群體抗倒伏能力,利于爭(zhēng)取高產(chǎn)。
宜采用淺濕灌溉方式?;羁梅登嗥谝话惚3?—3cm淺水層;秸稈還田田塊在栽后2個(gè)葉齡期內(nèi)應(yīng)有2—3次露田,以利還田秸稈腐解產(chǎn)生的有害氣體釋放,此后結(jié)合施分蘗肥建立2—3cm淺水層。全田莖蘗數(shù)達(dá)到預(yù)期穗數(shù)80%左右時(shí),采用稻田開(kāi)溝機(jī)開(kāi)溝,及時(shí)排水?dāng)R田,通過(guò)多次輕擱,使土壤沉實(shí)不陷腳,葉片挺起,葉色顯黃。拔節(jié)后,應(yīng)采用淺水層間歇灌溉方式,促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng),控制基部節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度和株高,使株型挺拔、抗倒,改善受光姿態(tài)。開(kāi)花結(jié)實(shí)期,應(yīng)采用淺濕灌溉方式,保持植株較多的活根數(shù)及綠葉數(shù),促進(jìn)植株活熟到老,提高結(jié)實(shí)率與粒重。
3、病蟲草害防治
應(yīng)強(qiáng)化監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警,提前防范重大病蟲害,推行分區(qū)施策、分類指導(dǎo),落實(shí)稻瘟病、紋枯病、白葉枯病以及稻飛虱、粘蟲和稻縱卷葉螟等重點(diǎn)病蟲防控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。應(yīng)根據(jù)不同病蟲草害情況,合理用藥,宜選用高效、低毒(生物)農(nóng)藥及生物、物理防治技術(shù),實(shí)施精準(zhǔn)施藥,減少污染。應(yīng)大力開(kāi)展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治、群防群治,提高防治效果,遏制重大病蟲暴發(fā)流行危害,實(shí)現(xiàn)“蟲口奪糧”。
在機(jī)插秧作業(yè)前1周內(nèi),結(jié)合整地開(kāi)展一次性除草劑封閉滅草,施藥后保水3—4天。機(jī)插秧作業(yè)后1周內(nèi),應(yīng)根據(jù)雜草種類結(jié)合施肥噴施除草劑,施藥時(shí)水層應(yīng)為3—5cm,保水3—4天;有條件的地區(qū),可在機(jī)插秧作業(yè)后2周左右,采用機(jī)械中耕除草,除草時(shí)水層應(yīng)為3—5cm。鼓勵(lì)使用機(jī)械除草技術(shù),減少化學(xué)除草劑的施用次數(shù)和施用量,促進(jìn)稻田生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)和土壤改良,構(gòu)建可持續(xù)高產(chǎn)良田。
根據(jù)經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模和地塊大小,因地制宜地選用適用的高效植保機(jī)械。連片成方的規(guī)模種植,宜選用自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治;丘陵山區(qū)及分散小地塊,自走式植保機(jī)械下田困難、頻繁調(diào)頭輪轍壓苗,可選用植保無(wú)人機(jī)或擔(dān)架式植保機(jī)械。加強(qiáng)病蟲草害監(jiān)測(cè),加強(qiáng)統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,通過(guò)有效防病獲得高產(chǎn)。
二、北方旱作區(qū)春玉米、春大豆播種
東北地區(qū)春玉米、春大豆應(yīng)重點(diǎn)推廣以秸稈還田覆蓋免耕播種為核心技術(shù)的東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù),按照“多覆蓋、少動(dòng)土”的保護(hù)性耕作要求,因地制宜選用秸稈大量覆蓋還田免耕播種技術(shù)、秸稈大量覆蓋還田歸行免耕播種技術(shù)、秸稈大量覆蓋還田條耕播種技術(shù)、秸稈部分覆蓋還田免耕播種技術(shù)等主推技術(shù)模式;圍繞“提質(zhì)量、增單產(chǎn)”的重點(diǎn)任務(wù),鼓勵(lì)整合免耕配套滴灌、苗期深松、水肥一體化等新技術(shù)措施,優(yōu)化技術(shù)路線,開(kāi)展集成示范。西北地區(qū)春玉米、春大豆應(yīng)重點(diǎn)推廣起壟覆膜種植技術(shù),對(duì)有水澆條件的地塊可采取膜下滴灌、淺埋滴灌等技術(shù)。
(一)耕整地
1、秸稈處理
因地制宜采用秸稈粉碎還田、秸稈歸行等秸稈處理方式,提高秸稈還田質(zhì)量,培肥地力、蓄水保墑。對(duì)于秸稈覆蓋量大、均勻度差、播種難的地塊,可通過(guò)耙、耢或二次粉碎還田等方式進(jìn)行秸稈處理,使秸稈均勻分布于地表,或使用秸稈歸行機(jī)把播種帶秸稈清理到休閑帶,形成寬度為60—90cm的秸稈覆蓋區(qū)域(休閑帶)和40—50cm的無(wú)秸稈區(qū)域(播種帶),防止播種機(jī)擁堵,提高播種質(zhì)量。對(duì)于前茬秸稈量少的地塊,播種前可不進(jìn)行秸稈處理。西北地區(qū)還應(yīng)做好殘地膜的回收清理工作。
2、耕整地
東北地區(qū)因地制宜采用免耕、條帶耕作等方式。對(duì)于春旱少雨、土壤瘠薄的風(fēng)沙半干旱區(qū)以及中低產(chǎn)區(qū),鼓勵(lì)不動(dòng)土直接免耕播種。對(duì)于春季土壤濕度過(guò)大的濕潤(rùn)區(qū)、黏重土區(qū)、高緯度冷涼地區(qū)、低洼易澇區(qū)及高產(chǎn)區(qū)在播種前在秸稈歸行的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)墑情確定是否進(jìn)行條耕作業(yè),加快散墑提溫,宜選用具有深松(耕)、碎土、耙地、鎮(zhèn)壓功能的條耕機(jī)或條旋機(jī)進(jìn)行條帶耕作,淺旋深度≤10cm,動(dòng)土率≤50%。大豆播種時(shí)對(duì)于地表不平整、影響播種質(zhì)量的地塊,結(jié)合秸稈處理,可通過(guò)耙、礳等措施適度平整土地,動(dòng)土深度≤8cm。
西北地區(qū)應(yīng)根據(jù)降雨量需要和墑情,做好秋覆膜或頂凌覆膜。秋季整地質(zhì)量好的地塊或無(wú)灌溉條件的旱作地塊,春季盡量不耕翻,直接起壟覆膜,或采取少耕或免耕方式滅茬播種或原壟卡種;秋季整地質(zhì)量差的地塊,覆膜前應(yīng)淺耕,平整地表,土壤上松下實(shí)、耕層綿軟、土地細(xì)碎,形成便于機(jī)械鋪膜或播種作業(yè)的種床;土壤過(guò)濕地塊,適時(shí)機(jī)械化雪散墑,明水地塊及時(shí)排水。覆膜應(yīng)選用厚度大于0.01mm、符合要求寬度的地膜。推薦采用帶北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)拖拉機(jī)配套起壟覆膜聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)作業(yè),保持寬窄行距一致。
(二)播種
1、品種選擇
根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)條件、地力基礎(chǔ)和氣候條件,選用經(jīng)國(guó)家和省級(jí)審定的優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、抗逆性強(qiáng)、適應(yīng)性廣、宜機(jī)收優(yōu)良品種,應(yīng)采用種子包衣或藥劑拌種進(jìn)行病蟲害防治。玉米種子純度不低于97%、凈度不低于99%,發(fā)芽率不低于95%,含水量不高于13%,大豆種子純度不低于98%,凈度不低于99%,發(fā)芽率不低于85%,含水量不高于13%。
2、播種機(jī)選擇
播種機(jī)應(yīng)具有破茬開(kāi)溝、播種、施肥、覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓等功能,要求作業(yè)通過(guò)性強(qiáng)、無(wú)堵塞、播種質(zhì)量好、能同時(shí)深施化肥。東北地區(qū)玉米免耕播種優(yōu)先選用配有撥草裝置、圓盤切草裝置、指夾式或氣力式排種器的牽引式高性能免耕播種機(jī),大豆播種可選擇氣力式免耕精量播種機(jī)。西北地區(qū)灌溉條件的地塊可選用具有覆膜鋪管等復(fù)式作業(yè)功能的精量播種機(jī),膜上播種可選用電動(dòng)膜上穴播機(jī),減少地膜損傷。播種正式作業(yè)前應(yīng)按要求正確調(diào)試播種機(jī),并進(jìn)行試播,確認(rèn)調(diào)試到位,播種量、施肥量、播深、肥深、行距、鎮(zhèn)壓力等應(yīng)符合農(nóng)藝要求。
3、播期選擇
根據(jù)氣溫、土壤墑情、品種特性、栽培方式、管理水平等確定最佳播期。對(duì)土壤墑情差或無(wú)灌溉條件的地塊,適當(dāng)深播或深覆土,加重鎮(zhèn)壓;對(duì)旱情嚴(yán)重地區(qū),宜采取“坐水種”或澆水造墑后播種。若適播期內(nèi)未達(dá)到播種條件,及時(shí)改種早熟品種,并適當(dāng)增加種植密度。玉米在5cm—10cm耕層地溫穩(wěn)定在10℃以上適墑播種,秸稈覆蓋免耕播種須較常規(guī)播種時(shí)間推遲5d—7d,東北地區(qū)一般在4月中旬—5月中旬,西北地區(qū)一般在4月中下旬。大豆在耕層5厘米的地溫穩(wěn)定超過(guò)7℃時(shí)適墑播種,東北地區(qū)一般播期為5月上中旬,西北地區(qū)為4月中下旬—5月上旬。
4、精量播種
指夾式播種機(jī)作業(yè)速度控制在6—8km/h,氣力式播種機(jī)為8—10km/h。玉米播種深度3—5cm,施肥深度8—10cm;大豆播種應(yīng)播到濕土上,開(kāi)溝深度5cm,播種深度3—4cm,覆土厚度在3cm左右。作業(yè)質(zhì)量應(yīng)滿足播種深度合格率≥80%、粒距合格率≥95%、出苗率90%以上。
5、合理密植
根據(jù)品種特性、土壤肥力、管理水平等,確定適宜種植密度,構(gòu)建合理群體結(jié)構(gòu)。玉米畝播量為2—3kg/畝,畝保苗4000—6000株。一般畝保苗4000株左右,整地播種質(zhì)量高、肥水供應(yīng)充足、生產(chǎn)條件整體較好,且使用耐密抗倒伏玉米品種地塊,畝保苗密度可增至4500—5000株。大豆一般畝播量為4—6kg,畝保苗15000—22000株。
6、病蟲草害防治
應(yīng)選用配有霧化程度高、防漂移扇形噴頭的自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī);植保無(wú)人機(jī)攜藥量小、飄移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,對(duì)于噴灑化學(xué)除草劑適用性不高,在平原地區(qū)作業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)不明顯,應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎選擇。根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)夭∠x草害發(fā)生規(guī)律,噴灑化學(xué)除草劑或殺蟲劑的措施進(jìn)行控制。土壤墑情較好且地表秸稈覆蓋量不大的地塊,提倡實(shí)施苗前封閉除草;土壤墑情不好且地表秸稈覆蓋量大的地塊,或前期封閉除草效果不好的地塊,應(yīng)在玉米出苗后3—5葉期、雜草2—4葉期,大豆1—2片復(fù)葉期、雜草2—4葉期及時(shí)進(jìn)行苗后除草。
7、苗期深松
必要時(shí),可采用帶有深松施肥功能中耕機(jī)在玉米6—7葉期拔節(jié)前后一次性完成苗期深松追肥、培土除草等作業(yè);深松深度在20—25厘米,以土壤不起粘條為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。秸稈量大或秸稈粉碎效果不好的地塊,中耕機(jī)應(yīng)安裝前置圓盤切刀和后置深松桿齒,降低秸稈拖堆壓苗傷苗現(xiàn)象,同時(shí)起到除去壟溝雜草的效果。
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