茶葉機械化采摘技術(shù)要點

2024-07-05 11:36:22 來源：重慶市農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣總站 閱讀量：14985 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當(dāng)前正值我市夏秋茶生產(chǎn)高峰期，為降低夏秋茶生產(chǎn)成本、提高夏秋茶產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量，重慶市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣總站研究制定了茶葉機械化采摘技術(shù)要點。具體如下：
 
　　01 選擇適宜機采的無性系茶樹良種
 
　　目前廣泛推廣應(yīng)用的茶葉采摘機械為往復(fù)切割式，對茶樹芽葉沒有識別性，并不適合所有茶樹品種，而無性系茶樹品種長勢相對勻齊，可在一定程度上緩解茶葉采摘機械“一刀切”帶來的弊端。因此，機械化采摘茶園應(yīng)選擇茶樹品種純度高、發(fā)芽整齊、發(fā)芽密度大、持嫩性較強、節(jié)間長、再生能力強及芽葉較為直立的茶樹良種。
 
　　02 選擇適宜的茶園基地
 
　　坡度在15°以下、土層深厚的平地和緩坡地(等高條植)茶園，坡度在15°～ 25°的等高梯地茶園可選用機械化方式采摘。土壤肥沃的平地、緩坡地(坡度小于15°)且生長能力較強的老茶園，可通過改土、改造樹冠等措施，改造成機采茶園。零星分散、叢植茶園不適宜機械化采摘。
 
　　03 選擇適宜的采摘機具
 
　　山地茶園行間窄、上下起伏大，為提高機械化采摘操作的靈活性，機械化采摘優(yōu)質(zhì)茶宜選用單人背負手提式采茶機，以采收大宗茶、出口茶為主的緩坡地和梯級等高茶園可選用雙人擔(dān)架式采茶機。
 
　　04 機采茶園土壤肥培管理
 
　　增施氮肥可以提高機采鮮葉的完整率和細嫩芽葉比例，增加采摘批次，提高機采鮮葉產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。機采茶園建議每年施肥4次，用量按照每產(chǎn)100kg鮮葉施純氮肥4 kg～5kg，分別于每年的10月、1月、5月、7～8月施入，用量分別為全年用量的40%、20%、20%、20%。
 
　　05 機采茶園樹冠培養(yǎng)
 
　　樹冠高度宜控制在80cm～90cm、樹幅85%～90%、平型或弧型冠面。老茶園采用深修剪、重修剪和臺刈等修剪技術(shù)進行改造，樹冠培養(yǎng)參照幼齡茶園的定型修剪。每次機采后進行1次撣剪，平整樹冠便于下次機采。
 
　　06 選擇適宜的開采標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
 
　　按照不同茶產(chǎn)品采摘不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鮮葉，優(yōu)質(zhì)綠茶、紅茶采摘一芽一、二葉，當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)新梢達到60%、芽葉平均高度約為4cm時，可進行機械化采摘；大宗綠茶、紅茶采摘一芽二、三葉及其對夾葉，當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)新梢達到80%時，可進行機械化采摘。一般先以優(yōu)質(zhì)茶的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采摘，再以大宗茶采摘方式將鮮葉全部采摘，全年采摘3～5批次。

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