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2024年秋冬季蘋果科學(xué)施肥指導(dǎo)意見

2024-09-19 09:15:39 來源：全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：16280 評論

導(dǎo)讀：膠東和遼東果園土壤酸化現(xiàn)象普遍，中微量元素鈣、鎂和硼缺乏時有發(fā)生。

　　環(huán)渤海灣蘋果產(chǎn)區(qū)
 
　　包括山東、遼寧、河北大部，北京和天津部分地區(qū)。新疆產(chǎn)區(qū)可參照本區(qū)域。
 
　　1.1施肥原則
 
　　總體上有機肥料投入不足，部分果園立地條件差，土壤板結(jié)嚴(yán)重、透氣性差或保水保肥能力弱，集約化果園氮磷化肥用量偏高。膠東和遼東果園土壤酸化現(xiàn)象普遍，中微量元素鈣、鎂和硼缺乏時有發(fā)生。部分果農(nóng)對基肥秋施認(rèn)識不足，春夏季果實膨大期追施氮肥數(shù)量和比例偏大。夏秋季降雨較多，部分果園早期落葉病較重。針對上述問題，提出以下施肥原則：
 
　　(1)秋施基肥，增施有機肥，提倡有機無機配合施用。
 
　　(2)依據(jù)土壤肥力條件和產(chǎn)量水平，適當(dāng)調(diào)減氮磷化肥用量，根據(jù)樹勢和產(chǎn)量水平分期施肥。注意硅、鈣、鎂、硼和鋅的配合施用。
 
　　(3)加強果園土壤管理，實行果園生草、起壟栽培等方式，推廣水肥一體化等技術(shù)。
 
　　(4)出現(xiàn)土壤酸化的果園可通過施用石灰或硅鈣鎂鉀肥等改良土壤。
 
　　1.2施肥建議
 
　　(1)施用農(nóng)家肥(腐熟的羊糞、牛糞等)1500公斤(約4.5方)/畝，或商品有機肥1000公斤/畝，或餅肥200 公斤/畝。
 
　　(2)畝產(chǎn)1000—2000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量10—12.5公斤/畝、秋季用量5—6.5公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量5—6.5公斤/畝、秋季用量2—2.5公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量11—14公斤/畝、秋季用量3.5—4.5公斤/畝。
 
　　(3)畝產(chǎn)2000—3000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量12.5—17.5公斤/畝、秋季用量6—9公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量6.5—9公斤/畝、秋季用量2.5—3.5公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量14—19.5公斤/畝、秋季用量4.5—6公斤/畝。
 
　　(4)畝產(chǎn)3000—4000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量17.5—22.5公斤/畝、秋季用量9—11公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量9—11.5公斤/畝、秋季用量3.5—4.5公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量19.5—25公斤/畝、秋季用量6—7.5公斤/畝。
 
　　(5)畝產(chǎn)4000—5000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量22.5—27.5公斤/畝、秋季用量11—14公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量11.5—14公斤/畝、秋季用量4.5—5.5公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量25—30.5公斤/畝、秋季用量7.5—9公斤/畝。
 
　　(6)盛果期大樹施用硅鈣鎂鉀肥80—100公斤/畝。土壤缺鋅、硼和鈣的果園，相應(yīng)施用硫酸鋅1—1.5公斤/畝、硼砂0.5—1.0公斤/畝。
 
　　(7)化肥和有機肥混勻后在9月中旬到10月中旬施用(晚熟品種采果前后盡早施用)，施肥方法采用穴施或溝施，穴或溝深度40厘米左右，每株樹3—4個(條)。
 
　　(8)10月底到11月中旬，連續(xù)葉面噴施3遍尿素、硼砂和硫酸鋅，增加貯藏營養(yǎng)。第一遍在10月底開始噴0.5%—1.0%尿素，7天后噴第二遍為2.0%—3.0%尿素+0.5%硼砂+1.0%—2.0%硫酸鋅，再7天后噴第三遍為5.0%—7.0%尿素+0.5%硼砂+5.0%—6.0%硫酸鋅，第三遍的濃度根據(jù)葉片衰老程度確定，老化程度越高濃度越低。
 
　　黃土高原產(chǎn)區(qū)
 
　　包括陜西、山西、甘肅大部，河南、寧夏部分地區(qū)。云貴川高原產(chǎn)區(qū)可參照本區(qū)域。
 
　　2.1施肥原則
 
　　有機肥料投入不足，部分果園立地條件差，土壤板結(jié)嚴(yán)重、透氣性差或保水保肥能力弱，集約化果園氮磷化肥用量偏高。土壤鐵、鋅和硼缺乏問題普遍。秋施基肥比例低，春夏季果實膨大期追施氮肥數(shù)量和比例偏大。夏秋季降雨偏多，早期落葉病發(fā)生普遍。部分果園腐爛病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重。針對上述問題，提出以下施肥原則：
 
　　(1)秋施基肥，增施有機肥，提倡有機無機配合施用。
 
　　(2)依據(jù)土壤肥力條件和產(chǎn)量水平，適當(dāng)調(diào)減氮磷化肥用量，根據(jù)樹勢和產(chǎn)量水平分期施肥。注意硅、鈣、鎂、硼和鋅的配合施用。
 
　　(3)加強果園土壤管理，實行果園覆蓋等技術(shù)。
 
　　(4)發(fā)生早期落葉病的果園要重視基肥，加強采收后落葉前的葉面施肥，提高樹體貯藏營養(yǎng)水平，防止冬季低溫凍害和春季抽條等。
 
　　2.2施肥建議
 
　　(1)施用農(nóng)家肥(腐熟的羊糞、牛糞等)1000—15000公斤/畝，或商品有機肥400 公斤/畝，或餅肥150 公斤/畝。
 
　　(2)畝產(chǎn)500—1000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量7.5—10公斤/畝、秋季用量4—5公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量4—5公斤/畝、秋季用量1.5—2公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量8.5—11公斤/畝、秋季用量2.5—3.5公斤/畝。腐爛病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的果園，秋季鉀肥(K2O)用量增加2—3公斤/畝。
 
　　(3)畝產(chǎn)1000—2000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量10—15公斤/畝、秋季用量5—7.5公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量5—7.5公斤/畝、秋季用量2—3公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量11—16.5公斤/畝、秋季用量3.5—5公斤/畝。腐爛病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的果園，秋季鉀肥(K2O)用量增加3—5公斤/畝。
 
　　(4)畝產(chǎn)2000—3000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量15—20公斤/畝、秋季用量7.5—10公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量7.5—10公斤/畝、秋季用量3—4公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量16.5—22公斤/畝、秋季用量5—6.5公斤/畝。腐爛病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的果園，秋季鉀肥(K2O用量)增加5—6公斤/畝。
 
　　(5)畝產(chǎn)3000—4000公斤，氮肥(N)全年用量20—25公斤/畝、秋季用量10—12.5公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)全年用量10—12.5公斤/畝、秋季用量4—5公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)全年用量22—27.5公斤/畝、秋季用量6.5—8公斤/畝。腐爛病發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的果園，秋季鉀肥(K2O)用量增加6—8公斤/畝。
 
　　(6)盛果期大樹施用硅鈣鎂鉀肥60—80公斤/畝。土壤缺鋅和硼的果園，相應(yīng)施用硫酸鋅1—1.5公斤/畝、硼砂0.5—1.0公斤/畝。
 
　　(7)上述有機肥和化肥混勻后在9月中旬到10月中旬施用(晚熟品種采果前后盡早施用)。施肥方法采用穴施或溝施，穴或溝深度40厘米左右，每株樹3—4個(條)。
 
　　(8)10月底到11月中旬，連續(xù)葉面噴施3遍尿素、硼砂和硫酸鋅，增加貯藏營養(yǎng)。第一遍在10月底開始噴0.5%—1.0%尿素，7天后噴第二遍為2.0%—3.0%尿素+0.5%硼砂+1.0%—2.0%硫酸鋅，再7天后噴第三遍為5.0%—7.0%尿素+0.5%硼砂+5.0%—6.0%硫酸鋅，第三遍的濃度根據(jù)葉片衰老程度確定，老化程度越高濃度越低。
 
　　(9)發(fā)生早期落葉病的果園在第二年春季萌芽前再連續(xù)噴施3遍尿素和硼砂。第一遍在2月底開始噴3%尿素，5—7天后噴第二遍為2.0%尿素+0.5%硼砂，再5—7天后噴第三遍為1.0%尿素+0.5%硼砂。

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