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2024年冬小麥科學冬灌技術指導意見

2024-12-02 09:29:37 來源:全國農技推廣中心 閱讀量:14933 評論

導讀:大部墑情充足、苗情較好麥田可免澆越冬水,河北北部、中南部,山西中南部等表墑不足地塊或局地弱苗地塊應在越冬期前,0—40cm土壤相對含水量低于60%時適時澆越冬水。

  【農機網 科技創(chuàng)新】據全國土壤墑情系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測,2024年11月27日,全國大部冬麥區(qū)墑情適宜,利于冬小麥安全越冬。0—20cm土壤相對含水量處于61%—88%,平均土壤相對含水量為76.38%;20—40cm土壤相對含水量處于65%—92%,平均土壤相對含水量為79.73%。山東南部、安徽和江蘇中部局地、陜西關中、湖北西北局部土壤墑情過多,河北中南部、山西中南部等局地墑情不足。大部墑情充足、苗情較好麥田可免澆越冬水,河北北部、中南部,山西中南部等表墑不足地塊或局地弱苗地塊應在越冬期前,0—40cm土壤相對含水量低于60%時適時澆越冬水。
 
  華北麥區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況
 
  本區(qū)域包含北京、天津、河北、豫北地區(qū)和魯西北地區(qū)冬麥區(qū)。11月以來氣溫較常年同期偏高4—6℃,河北中南部、豫北、魯西北降水量較常年同期偏少,北京、天津降水量較常年同期偏多。目前大部分麥區(qū)0—40cm土壤相對含水量處于65%—85%,墑情適宜,河北中南部部分農田土壤表墑不足。
 
  (二)灌溉建議
 
  旺長麥田、墑情適宜或過多的麥田可不冬灌,適時進行鎮(zhèn)壓,促根下扎,控旺轉壯,保墑防凍。河北中南部少數整地質量差、土壤暄松、懸根較多、保水性差的麥田,越冬期前0—40cm土壤相對含水量低于60%的麥田,河北北部降雨量小、冬季氣溫低的麥田,要適時澆越冬水,沉實土壤,粉碎坷垃,保苗越冬。應在日均氣溫穩(wěn)定至3—4℃、“夜凍晝融”時澆水,小水細灌,以能澆透、當天滲完為宜,防止遇低溫而形成冰殼。灌水后及時劃鋤,松土保墑,冬水春用。
 
  (三)節(jié)灌措施
 
  建議采用“小白龍”軟管輸水+小畦、窄畦灌溉或噴灌、微灌等高效節(jié)水灌溉措施,切忌大水漫灌。采用畦灌方式的麥田,畝灌水40—50m3;采用噴灌、微灌的麥田,畝灌水25—30m3。底肥不足的弱苗麥田,應結合冬灌,適量補施氮肥,促弱轉壯。
 
  黃淮麥區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況
 
  本區(qū)域包括河南、山東大部、安徽和江蘇兩省淮河以北。11月以來大部氣溫較常年同期偏高2—4℃,局地偏高4—6℃;山東中東部、河南東南部降水量較常年同期偏少,河南中西部降水量較常年同期偏多。當前0—40cm土壤相對含水量65%—90%,大部墑情適宜,河南西部、山東南部局地土壤墑情過多。
 
  (二)灌溉建議
 
  墑情適宜、群體較好的一、二類苗麥田及墑情過多的晚播麥田不宜灌水,應重點抓好冬前鎮(zhèn)壓,控旺轉壯;整地粗放、坷垃較多、土壤喧松、懸根較多且0—40cm土壤相對含水量持續(xù)低于65%的三類苗麥田,應先壓后灌、適時適量澆越冬水,確保安全越冬。灌水宜選擇晴天上午10時至下午4時之間,地表溫度不低于3℃進行,小水細灌,確保田面不積水。
 
  (三)節(jié)灌措施
 
  井灌區(qū)宜采用田間軟管輸水澆灌,畝灌水30—35m3;渠灌區(qū)應采取短畦或窄畦灌溉,畝灌水40—45m3。有條件的麥田可采用噴灌、微灌設備少量多次灌水,畝灌水15—20m3。弱苗麥田可結合灌水畝追施尿素或磷酸二銨5—7公斤。
 
  西北麥區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況
 
  本區(qū)域包括陜西、甘肅、山西、新疆和寧夏南部冬麥區(qū)。11月以來大部氣溫較常年同期偏高2—4℃;陜西大部、甘肅東南部、山西中西部、新疆東北部和寧夏南部降水量較常年同期偏多,山西中南部降水量較常年同期偏少。當前0—40cm土壤相對含水量為60%—90%,大部墑情適宜;山西中南部部分麥田墑情不足;陜西關中地區(qū)局地表墑過多。
 
  (二)灌溉建議
 
  過旺麥田、墑情適宜或過多麥田以鎮(zhèn)壓為主,可不冬灌;土壤相對含水量低于60%的麥田要進行冬灌,局部弱苗麥田宜小水灌溉或噴滴灌,切忌大水漫灌,結合灌溉畝追施尿素4—5kg或磷酸二銨5—7kg,防止春季脫肥,確保苗壯蘗大、安全越冬。灌水應選擇晴天上午10時至下午4時之間、地表溫度不低于3℃進行,小水細灌,確保田面不積水。旱地以“蓄”為主,做好冬季鎮(zhèn)壓,提墑增溫,促根增蘗。新疆麥區(qū)凡冬前田間持水量低于80%,且有水澆條件的麥田,都應在土壤封凍前進行冬灌。要適量澆灌,水量不可過大,以能澆透、當天滲完為宜,以免地面積水,遇低溫而形成冰殼,致使植株地上部受凍。
 
  (三)節(jié)溉措施
 
  渠灌區(qū)應采取短(窄)畦灌溉,畝灌水40—45m3,井灌區(qū)應采取軟管輸水+畦灌,畝灌水30—40m3。有噴灌或微灌條件的麥田宜少量多次灌溉,畝灌水20—30m3。
 
  長江中下游和西南麥區(qū)
 
  (一)基本情況
 
  本區(qū)域主要包括江蘇和安徽兩省淮河以南、湖北、四川和云南等地冬麥區(qū)。11月以來大部氣溫較常年同期偏高2—4℃;大部降水量較常年同期偏少,江蘇東南部降水量較常年同期偏少。大部分地區(qū)0—40cm土壤相對含水量65%—90%,墑情適宜;湖北西北局部、四川東北丘陵區(qū)局地、安徽和江蘇中部局地表墑過多。
 
  (二)灌溉建議
 
  針對當前墑情和冬季氣候特點,應采取排灌結合措施。墑情過多地區(qū)要清溝理渠,排澇降漬,確保田間無積水。墑情不足且土壤相對含水量持續(xù)低于65%時,應及時灌溉。
 
  (三)節(jié)灌措施
 
  本區(qū)域水源多為江河、水庫、湖泊、山塘等,發(fā)生旱情時,可采取以下節(jié)灌措施:一是軟管輸水(小白龍)+小畦灌溉,畝灌水量不超過50m3。二是有條件的地區(qū)可采用微噴帶、移動式噴灌、固定式噴灌等,結合水肥一體化,少量多次灌溉施肥,每次畝灌水量20—30m3,畝追施尿素5—7kg。
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