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農(nóng)民的智慧 從原始農(nóng)業(yè)時期就已開始

2017-08-04 11:25:33 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 閱讀量：50438 評論

導讀：農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)離不開農(nóng)業(yè)機械，隨著社會的發(fā)展和科技的進步，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機械越來越先進，同時也越來越智能，農(nóng)民甚至足不出戶就可以把地種了。其實，在農(nóng)耕時期，我國勞動人民就憑借自身的智慧創(chuàng)造出了形形色色的農(nóng)具，以便更輕松的耕種土地。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)離不開農(nóng)業(yè)機械，隨著社會的發(fā)展和科技的進步，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機械越來越先進，同時也越來越智能，農(nóng)民甚至足不出戶就可以把地種了。其實，在農(nóng)耕時期，我國勞動人民就憑借自身的智慧創(chuàng)造出了形形色色的農(nóng)具，以便更輕松的耕種土地。
 
　　追溯到原始農(nóng)業(yè)時期，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式簡單粗放，農(nóng)民以石、骨、蚌、木為主要的材料來制作農(nóng)具，農(nóng)具的種類主要有三種：農(nóng)耕用、收割用和加工用。農(nóng)耕類的農(nóng)具包括鏟、耒、鋤這些，收割類的就是刀和鐮，而加工類的常見的就是石磨盤和石磨棒。 
 
　　在原始社會時期，人們能利用的資源很有限，開始產(chǎn)生的農(nóng)具便是以木頭為材料制成的耒耜，是一種翻土的農(nóng)具，形如木叉，上有曲柄，下面是犁頭，可看作犁的前身，其發(fā)明開創(chuàng)了中國的農(nóng)耕文化，后來發(fā)展成為先秦時期主要的農(nóng)耕工具。
 
　　至夏、商、西周時期，雖然農(nóng)具材料仍然以木、石、骨為主，但是當時已有青銅產(chǎn)生，在西周末年，青銅便應用于一些中耕農(nóng)具和收割農(nóng)具。在灌溉器具方面，有商代的桔槔，西周的戽桶和吊桶，這一時期的農(nóng)機具種類甚少，但是卻為后面鐵制農(nóng)具的發(fā)展奠定了基礎。
 
　　春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，冶鐵業(yè)興起，它的出現(xiàn)使中國農(nóng)具*迎來一次大變革：鐵質(zhì)農(nóng)具產(chǎn)生，開始替代過去的以木、石為材料的農(nóng)具，在木器上添加一個鐵質(zhì)的刃片，有效地提高了生產(chǎn)效率。從考古出土的實物看，當時使用一種呈V字型的鐵犁頭，可以減少耕地時的阻力。
 
　　秦朝統(tǒng)一中國之后，尤其是兩漢以來，由于冶鐵業(yè)得到快速發(fā)展，鐵制農(nóng)具發(fā)展迅速，成為“民之大用”。為了適應農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要，這一時期農(nóng)具的種類開始增多，質(zhì)量上也大有提高，西漢中期以后，木心鐵刃的農(nóng)具全部被鐵制農(nóng)具代替，隨著牛耕的逐漸普及，耕犁也有所革新，創(chuàng)造了犁壁，對于深耕和碎土更為有利。唐代《耒耜經(jīng)》中記載的曲轅犁，相比之前的耕犁，構(gòu)造更加完善，由11個部件組成，能根據(jù)需要進行深耕和淺耕，以及調(diào)節(jié)耕地的寬窄，操作方便。至魏晉南北朝時期，出現(xiàn)了用于碎土保墑、平整土地的耙和耖。這一時期播種耬車的出現(xiàn)讓農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實現(xiàn)了大躍進，播種耬車下端有三個耬角，即開溝器，中間裝有盛貯種子的漏斗，播種時用牛拉車，一邊開溝，一邊播種，可以極大地提高耕作效率。此外，古代農(nóng)民已有農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工意識，舂米工具由杵臼到腳踏碓再到水力碓，技術(shù)上有了很大的進步。
 
 
　　時間來到宋、元時期，這一時期的農(nóng)具發(fā)展在很大程度上都超過了前代。北魏《齊民要術(shù)》里記載了30多種農(nóng)具，元代的《王禎農(nóng)書》則記載了105種之多。犁具也在前代的基礎上有了更新，出現(xiàn)了犁床或犁壁上附有改進犁，便于墾耕。這一時期不得不提的一種農(nóng)具就是播種和施肥相結(jié)合的下糞耬種，類似于現(xiàn)在的施肥播種機，可實現(xiàn)一機多用，是古代智慧的結(jié)晶。
 
　　農(nóng)具發(fā)展到離現(xiàn)代較近的明清時期，速度開始放緩，只是在農(nóng)具的基礎上進行改進，其間出現(xiàn)了露鋤和以鹿角制成的農(nóng)具，反映了農(nóng)業(yè)開始向精耕細作的方向發(fā)展，值得一提的是，鋼鐵冶鑄技術(shù)對農(nóng)具部件的改造有很大幫助。
 
　　細數(shù)我國古代農(nóng)民發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的這些農(nóng)具，其中閃耀著古代農(nóng)民智慧的結(jié)晶，時代發(fā)展至今，技術(shù)每天都在進步，傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)方式也會逐漸被淘汰掉，但人們的智慧源泉是不會枯竭的，每一個傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)具都是一個農(nóng)耕時期的代表，反映了我國古代農(nóng)業(yè)文明的發(fā)展歷程。
 

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