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將節(jié)水灌溉做到 還需多方合作

2017-09-27 14:24:32 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：52438 評論

導(dǎo)讀：“讓沙漠開滿鮮花”是以色列人創(chuàng)造的農(nóng)業(yè)神話，地處沙漠地帶的以色列耕地和淡水資源都不豐富，但就是這樣惡劣的條件，以色列人偏不服，喊出了“沒有糧食就沒有獨(dú)立的口號”。在建國初期，他們憑借一雙手造出了以色列人近10倍的人口所需的口糧?！爸灰o我們一碗水，一顆種子，這個民族就能生存！”這是以色列開國總統(tǒng)魏茨曼的名言。魏茨曼的底氣和自信的從何而來？是以色列高度發(fā)達(dá)、世界的農(nóng)業(yè)。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】“讓沙漠開滿鮮花”是以色列人創(chuàng)造的農(nóng)業(yè)神話，地處沙漠地帶的以色列耕地和淡水資源都不豐富，但就是這樣惡劣的條件，以色列人偏不服，喊出了“沒有糧食就沒有獨(dú)立的口號”。在建國初期，他們憑借一雙手造出了以色列人近10倍的人口所需的口糧。“只要給我們一碗水，一顆種子，這個民族就能生存！”這是以色列開國總統(tǒng)魏茨曼的名言。魏茨曼的底氣和自信的從何而來？是以色列高度發(fā)達(dá)、世界的農(nóng)業(yè)。
 
　　現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開科學(xué)技術(shù)的支持。以色列是一個發(fā)達(dá)的資本主義國家，對科技的貢獻(xiàn)非常大。自建國以來，一直致力于科學(xué)研發(fā)，研發(fā)產(chǎn)業(yè)中農(nóng)業(yè)可謂是非常的一項，而滴灌技術(shù)則是以色列廣為人知的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，它不僅改變了以色列的農(nóng)業(yè)，也改變了*農(nóng)業(yè)的灌溉方式。
 
　　傳統(tǒng)的滴灌是利用塑料管道將水通過直徑約10mm毛管上的孔口或滴頭送到作物根部進(jìn)行局部灌溉，而以色列則在其中加入了高科技。例如噴嘴，首先它由電腦控制，依據(jù)傳感器傳回的土壤數(shù)據(jù)，決定澆灌的時間和澆灌量，在絕不浪費(fèi)水資源的同時保證作物生長的需要。其次，為防止作物的根系生長堵塞噴嘴，噴洞周圍涂抹專門的藥劑，抑制周邊一個極小范圍內(nèi)的根系生產(chǎn)。再次，為防止不噴水時土壤自然陷落堵塞噴嘴，需要在噴水系統(tǒng)中平行布置一個充氣系統(tǒng)，灌溉完畢后即刻充氣防堵。
 
　　僅僅是一個簡單的灌溉技術(shù)，以色列人卻在技術(shù)和細(xì)節(jié)上做得更加細(xì)致，農(nóng)民面朝黃土背朝天澆灌土地的景象早已遠(yuǎn)去，而我國直到20世紀(jì)70年代中期才開始引進(jìn)以色列的灌溉技術(shù)。
 
　　我國是一個水資源極其貧乏的國家，作為一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國，水資源的短缺對我國的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了極大的威脅，節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)的應(yīng)用可有效緩解水資源缺乏的窘?jīng)r。20 世紀(jì) 70 年代中期到 80 年代后期是我國節(jié)水灌溉行業(yè)的起步階段，我國政府開始從歐美、以色列等發(fā)達(dá)國家引進(jìn)噴灌、微灌、滴灌技術(shù)和這一類灌溉系列的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，并用 10 多年時間在國內(nèi)進(jìn)行相關(guān)實驗、研發(fā)和示范推廣。我國的滴灌技術(shù)應(yīng)用發(fā)達(dá)的時期是20世紀(jì)90年代，在發(fā)展了20年之后，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)和較先起步的噴灌技術(shù)水平持平。
 
　　從歷史狀況來看，以色列的農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉方式一直是走在世界前列的，而我國由于節(jié)水意識較落后，加之設(shè)施和技術(shù)水平有限，導(dǎo)致農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉用水的利用率低下。而農(nóng)業(yè)作為我國的支柱性產(chǎn)業(yè)，在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中占據(jù)重要。業(yè)內(nèi)指出，發(fā)展節(jié)水灌溉必須要求水利、農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)機(jī)、農(nóng)藝等各項農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)要素結(jié)合，工程、信息化等措施并舉才能取得事半功倍的效果?，F(xiàn)階段，我國正面臨著嚴(yán)重水資源缺乏的現(xiàn)狀，國家應(yīng)該大力支持節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)，使我國的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)也能如以色列一樣做到，促使我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展變得更加強(qiáng)大。
 
　　中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處！
 
　　部分資料來源：中國產(chǎn)業(yè)信息網(wǎng)、知乎
 
　　圖片來源：攝圖網(wǎng)

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