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我國(guó)果園平均機(jī)械化率僅為26.58% 提升空間大

2018-07-12 08:57:10 來(lái)源：中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：52783 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：我國(guó)是果業(yè)大國(guó)，水果種植面積和產(chǎn)量近年來(lái)一直穩(wěn)居世界，同時(shí)我國(guó)也是世界上大的水果消費(fèi)國(guó)，但我國(guó)卻稱不上“果業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)”，“大而不強(qiáng)，多而不優(yōu)”是中國(guó)果業(yè)當(dāng)前面臨的主要問(wèn)題，而果業(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平低下正是其中的主要短板之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)前我國(guó)果業(yè)的平均綜合機(jī)械化率僅為26.58%，水平較低，僅相當(dāng)于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家上個(gè)世紀(jì)五六十年代的水平，差距之大非常明顯。

　　【中國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 我國(guó)是果業(yè)大國(guó)，水果種植面積和產(chǎn)量近年來(lái)一直穩(wěn)居世界，同時(shí)我國(guó)也是世界上大的水果消費(fèi)國(guó)，但我國(guó)卻稱不上“果業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)”，“大而不強(qiáng)，多而不優(yōu)”是中國(guó)果業(yè)當(dāng)前面臨的主要問(wèn)題，而果業(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平低下正是其中的主要短板之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，當(dāng)前我國(guó)果業(yè)的平均綜合機(jī)械化率僅為26.58%，水平較低，僅相當(dāng)于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家上個(gè)世紀(jì)五六十年代的水平，差距之大非常明顯。
 
　　果園機(jī)械化率為什么這么低？
 
　　我國(guó)作為糧食大國(guó)，一直以來(lái)整個(gè)農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)和推廣的重點(diǎn)都放在小麥、玉米、水稻等主要糧食作物上，對(duì)果園機(jī)械領(lǐng)域的關(guān)注和投入少之又少。不得不說(shuō)，目前我國(guó)糧食作物機(jī)械化已取得一定進(jìn)展，成績(jī)可喜。但果業(yè)作為重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)支撐，機(jī)械化不應(yīng)受到忽視，平衡二者機(jī)械化進(jìn)度，使糧食、果業(yè)都能實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化，也是我國(guó)邁向農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)的必然要求。

　　另一方面，我國(guó)果蔬主要種植區(qū)在山地丘陵地帶，由于其自身自然條件的限制，山地丘陵地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平難以提高是一直以來(lái)我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)面臨的一大問(wèn)題。丘陵山區(qū)自然條件差，地塊小而分散，種植結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、品種多，而且基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)落后，田間道路狹窄、崎嶇且不平、道路通過(guò)性差，“先天不足”的自然條件嚴(yán)重制約了丘陵山區(qū)自身農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的發(fā)展。果園機(jī)械化更是如此，同時(shí)由于農(nóng)藝與農(nóng)機(jī)相脫節(jié)，現(xiàn)有的普通農(nóng)機(jī)和少量果園機(jī)械也難以適用于大多數(shù)的果園。
 
　　除此之外，平原地區(qū)的果園受農(nóng)村土地分散經(jīng)營(yíng)模式的影響，難以形成大規(guī)模專業(yè)果園，地塊小、規(guī)模小的家庭零散種植也影響了果園機(jī)械化進(jìn)程。
 
　　勞動(dòng)力成本居高不下，“機(jī)器換人”勢(shì)不可擋
 
　　和糧食種植相比，果業(yè)更傾向于勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。業(yè)內(nèi)專家表示，在我國(guó)當(dāng)前的果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，挖坑栽種、開(kāi)溝施肥、修剪整形、疏花疏果、除草套袋、采摘運(yùn)輸?shù)拳h(huán)節(jié)大都靠人工作業(yè)，并且勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度極大、作業(yè)效率極低。與此同時(shí)，伴隨著農(nóng)村“空心化”日益嚴(yán)重，農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力平均年齡高達(dá)59.8歲，這些老年勞動(dòng)力并不能承擔(dān)高強(qiáng)度的果園作業(yè)。正式如此，果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中人工成本節(jié)節(jié)攀升，居高不下。據(jù)業(yè)內(nèi)統(tǒng)計(jì)，一般的人工作業(yè)費(fèi)都超過(guò)了每天100元/人，新疆、華南等地早已超過(guò)了150元/人。2016-2017年，中國(guó)部分地區(qū)果園的套袋、施肥、噴藥、除草(割草)、人工修剪(疏花疏果)、采收等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的每畝年人工投入成本分別達(dá)到了350元、200元、250元、50元、800元、50元，合計(jì)1700元。果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，勞動(dòng)力成本所占比例已達(dá)到50%-60%。
 
　　在人工成本高企且不斷攀升和青壯勞動(dòng)力短缺日益凸顯的雙重積壓之下，水果的利潤(rùn)空間一降再降，面對(duì)這樣的趨勢(shì)，為了降低成本增加收益，研發(fā)和推廣果園機(jī)械、提高果業(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化率，是非常必要和迫切的。
 
　　短板中的長(zhǎng)板：植保無(wú)人機(jī)助力果蔬農(nóng)藥噴灑
 
　　果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中農(nóng)藥噴灑是重要的一環(huán)，近年來(lái)植保無(wú)人機(jī)的迅速發(fā)展成為了果園機(jī)械化短板中的“長(zhǎng)板”，由于無(wú)人機(jī)不受地形、農(nóng)作物的限制，能夠大大提高噴灑效率，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，植保無(wú)人機(jī)每天能飛防300畝左右的果園，是人工效率的20—30倍，噴灑農(nóng)藥又能比人工節(jié)省30%的藥液，既能降低成本，又能有效的控制用藥量降低農(nóng)藥殘留量，同時(shí)減少人工施藥安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外，國(guó)家對(duì)植保無(wú)人機(jī)進(jìn)行購(gòu)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼，目前部分省市已開(kāi)展植保無(wú)人機(jī)購(gòu)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼試點(diǎn)，推進(jìn)植保無(wú)人機(jī)大范圍普及工作。
 
　　結(jié)語(yǔ)
 
　　除植保環(huán)節(jié)外，果業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的育苗、起苗、挖坑、除草、修剪、收獲、運(yùn)輸?shù)绕渌h(huán)節(jié)還都處于“短板”階段，相應(yīng)農(nóng)機(jī)具的研發(fā)及普及工作都還有待加強(qiáng)。目前，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化步伐的加快，我國(guó)對(duì)果園機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和裝備的需求越來(lái)越迫切，實(shí)現(xiàn)果園生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化已成為果樹(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的必然要求。

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