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三年多的“糧改飼”政策實施長跑，改變了哪些現(xiàn)狀？

2018-08-03 16:02:54 來源：中國農機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：51472 評論

導讀： 糧改飼政策是近幾年我國實施的一項重要的農業(yè)改革政策，是農業(yè)部落實黨中央、國務院關于加快農業(yè)供給側結構性改革，推進農業(yè)結構調整的重大部署。自2015年啟動實施糧改飼試點工作以來，目前試點范圍已擴大到17個?。▍^(qū)），2017年的《全國種植業(yè)結構調整規(guī)劃》提出，到2020年飼草料面積發(fā)展到9500萬畝，其中青貯玉米面積要達到2500萬畝。

　　【中國農機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 糧改飼政策是近幾年我國實施的一項重要的農業(yè)改革政策，是農業(yè)部落實黨中央、國務院關于加快農業(yè)供給側結構性改革，推進農業(yè)結構調整的重大部署。自2015年啟動實施糧改飼試點工作以來，目前試點范圍已擴大到17個省(區(qū))，2017年的《全國種植業(yè)結構調整規(guī)劃》提出，到2020年飼草料面積發(fā)展到9500萬畝，其中青貯玉米面積要達到2500萬畝。

　　那么自2015年政策實施至今，糧改飼帶來了哪些變化呢？
 
　　鐮刀灣地區(qū)玉米減調成果顯著
 
　　“鐮刀彎”地區(qū)是一個俗稱，包括黑龍江內蒙古第四、第五積溫帶的冷涼地區(qū)、北方農牧交錯區(qū)、西北風沙干旱區(qū)和西南石漠化地區(qū)，這個地區(qū)在地圖上的形狀像個鐮刀。這一區(qū)域涉及到河北、山西、內蒙古、遼寧、吉林、黑龍江等13個省的部分地區(qū)，是典型的旱作農業(yè)區(qū)和畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展優(yōu)勢區(qū)，生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱，玉米產量低而不穩(wěn)。這些年來國家玉米庫存一直有增無減，居高不下，“糧改飼”主要是減調糧食玉米種植面積，增加青貯玉米等飼草作物的種植。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，2016年玉米減調面積超過3000萬畝，2017年累計減調4000萬畝，2018年預計繼續(xù)減調500萬畝，爭取到2020年達到“鐮刀彎”地區(qū)玉米面積調減5000萬畝以上”的目標。
 
　　種養(yǎng)一體化優(yōu)勢明顯，畜牧業(yè)健康發(fā)展
 
　　種養(yǎng)一體化是目前推進糧改飼為普遍的一種典型模式，從區(qū)域看，這種模式適合于東北、西北等耕地面積大、牛羊養(yǎng)殖多、養(yǎng)殖企業(yè)規(guī)模化水平較高的地區(qū)，遼寧、新疆等試點省區(qū)該模式所占比例超過了60%。草畜有機結合，產業(yè)間相互促進，既降低了養(yǎng)殖成本，又保障了飼草料常年均衡供應，促進了種植和養(yǎng)殖的提質增效。
 
　　內蒙古是全國17個糧改飼試點省(區(qū))之一，自2015年糧改飼政策以來，農牧業(yè)部門狠抓落實，聚焦農區(qū)玉米主產帶和牧區(qū)牛羊養(yǎng)殖大縣，大力開展糧改飼試點。按照穩(wěn)羊、增牛、調結構的工作思路，逐漸構建起了農牧結合和種養(yǎng)互動的發(fā)展模式，極大地調動了農牧民的積極性。好政策帶來好效益，內蒙古農牧交錯帶區(qū)域的種養(yǎng)關系變得和諧有序，可以說正是因為有了糧改飼試點，使得草更綠、天更藍、羊肥牛更壯。
 
　　種植養(yǎng)殖雙收益，農牧民受益增收
 
　　糧改飼政策實施以來有力地推進了農業(yè)結構調整，種植養(yǎng)殖農戶收入均有大幅提高。據(jù)了解，對農民而言，種植一畝牧草比種青稞能增收三四百元；對養(yǎng)殖場而言，每增加1公斤青貯草可減少0.5公斤精飼料投喂，這樣奶牛每年可節(jié)本2600多元，肉牛育肥期節(jié)約600多元、肉羊節(jié)約80多元。
 
　　黑龍江省自政策實施以來，糧改飼實施主體以規(guī)?；B(yǎng)殖場戶和專業(yè)收貯主體為主，全省65個糧改飼實施市縣規(guī)模化養(yǎng)殖場戶和專業(yè)收貯主體收貯量達到339萬噸，占全省收貯總量的98.6%，實現(xiàn)了種植效益和養(yǎng)殖效益雙提高。據(jù)了解，全省種植青貯玉米畝平均收益906元，籽粒玉米畝平均收益690元，青貯玉米種植收益高出籽粒玉米216元；據(jù)測算，每飼喂1元成本的青貯飼料，其產值為1.32元，與不飼喂青貯飼料相比，產值增加0.16元，綜合飼料成本下降13.8%。肉牛育肥及其他草食牲畜的整體養(yǎng)殖效益也明顯優(yōu)于不飼喂青貯。
 
　　飼料機械迅速發(fā)展，成農機市場“黑馬”
 
　　在糧改飼政策“春風”下，近幾年青貯收獲機、飼草收獲機等飼料機械迎來了發(fā)展“黃金期”，并且到目前市場依然在擴大，成為農機市場為數(shù)不多保持繼續(xù)增長的黑馬。國外品牌如克羅尼、科樂收、約翰迪爾、紐荷蘭四大青飼機巨頭以及民族品牌如中聯(lián)重科、雷沃重工、五征等都在飼料機械市場獲得了一定份額。
 
　　結語
 
　　糧改飼政策關乎國家糧食安全、農牧民增收和農業(yè)供給側結構性改革，是當前“三農”領域牽一發(fā)而動全身的大政策。糧改飼的成功實踐表明，這項政策順應農業(yè)結構調整大勢，是符合現(xiàn)代農牧業(yè)發(fā)展方向的，前景廣闊。

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