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藏糧于地藏糧于技,這一“農(nóng)業(yè)5G”技術(shù)造福子孫后代!

2019-06-26 16:56:21 來(lái)源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:49100 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:耕地是人類賴以生存的基本資源和條件,隨著我國(guó)人口的不斷增多,耕地資源卻在逐年減少。在建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化大農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)程中,要保持農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展首先要確保耕地的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量,因此,保護(hù)性耕作的重要性越來(lái)越凸顯。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 耕地是人類賴以生存的基本資源和條件,隨著我國(guó)人口的不斷增多,耕地資源卻在逐年減少。在建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化大農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)程中,要保持農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展首先要確保耕地的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量,因此,保護(hù)性耕作的重要性越來(lái)越凸顯。
 
  我國(guó)保護(hù)性耕作專家中國(guó)科學(xué)院沈陽(yáng)應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所張旭東研究員、解宏圖副研究員表示:發(fā)展保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù),對(duì)促進(jìn)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)、糧食安全、農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí),都具有重大意義與作用。

圖片來(lái)源:愛(ài)科集團(tuán)
 
  什么是保護(hù)性耕作?
 
  保護(hù)性耕作是指通過(guò)少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術(shù)及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施,減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕,保護(hù)農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境,并獲得生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及社會(huì)效益協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)。其核心技術(shù)包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農(nóng)田土壤表面耕作技術(shù)及其配套的專用機(jī)具等;配套技術(shù)包括綠色覆蓋種植、作物輪作、帶狀種植、多作種植、合理密植、沙化草地恢復(fù)以及農(nóng)田防護(hù)林建設(shè)等。
 
  其實(shí),保護(hù)性耕作并不是多么高深的技術(shù),通俗的說(shuō)就是盡量少動(dòng)土、少耕地,讓土地休養(yǎng)生息,慢慢恢復(fù)“體力”。保護(hù)性耕作主要有4個(gè)特點(diǎn):深松打破犁底層,有利于雨水下滲和作物根系成長(zhǎng),建立*的土壤水庫(kù);利用免耕、少耕技術(shù),減少對(duì)土壤層的破壞;用大量秸稈和殘茬覆蓋地表,以減少雨水地表徑流和水分的蒸發(fā);秸稈腐爛形成大量的有機(jī)質(zhì),增加土壤肥力。
 
  東北地區(qū)的黑土地是我國(guó)極其重要的耕地資源,東三省在保護(hù)黑土地方面也做了大量積極有效的工作。
 
  黑龍江省大力推廣秸稈機(jī)械化還田
 
  據(jù)悉,黑龍江省將保護(hù)性耕作重點(diǎn)放在解決機(jī)械化秸稈還田耕種上,在全省快速形成保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推廣勢(shì)頭。早在2004年,黑龍江省就開(kāi)展了保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范,圍繞秸稈還田提高地力這一核心,探索出了適合當(dāng)?shù)氐谋Wo(hù)性耕作技術(shù)模式:旱田以深松深翻為基礎(chǔ),少耕為原則,免耕為方向,建立了“三種方式一個(gè)體系”的模式,即翻埋、碎混、覆蓋三種還田方式,“一翻(松)兩免”輪耕輪作體系;水田采用“兩種方式一個(gè)模式”,即水田攪漿、翻埋兩種還田方式,“一翻兩旋”輪耕模式。此外,按照農(nóng)機(jī)與農(nóng)藝融合原則,黑龍江農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)人員通過(guò)多年分區(qū)試驗(yàn),對(duì)深松機(jī)、秸稈還田機(jī)、免耕播種機(jī)、植保機(jī)、秸稈處理機(jī)、玉米收獲機(jī)等進(jìn)行了大量試驗(yàn)示范篩選配套集成,篩選出適應(yīng)黑龍江保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)的配套裝備。
 
  目前,黑龍江全省保護(hù)性耕作累計(jì)推廣面積已達(dá)5504萬(wàn)畝,建立了55個(gè)省級(jí)保護(hù)性耕作示范縣,明確了適合黑龍江省的保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)模式,并篩選出了適應(yīng)的保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)配套裝備。
 
  吉林省對(duì)機(jī)械化保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)作業(yè)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼
 
  2018年9月,吉林省印發(fā)《關(guān)于加快推廣秸稈覆蓋還田保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推進(jìn)耕地質(zhì)量耕作生態(tài)耕作效益“綠色增長(zhǎng)”的實(shí)施意見(jiàn)》,決定2019年至2025年在全省推廣秸稈覆蓋還田保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù),對(duì)項(xiàng)目區(qū)內(nèi)達(dá)到檢查驗(yàn)收質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的項(xiàng)目實(shí)施面積,按照每畝30元的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)核發(fā)補(bǔ)助資金。2019年,吉林省計(jì)劃實(shí)施1000萬(wàn)畝秸稈覆蓋還田保護(hù)性耕作任務(wù),補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為30元每畝,覆蓋全省的8個(gè)地市(州)、32個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))。
 
  此外,吉林省還對(duì)秸稈還田的相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)具采取敞開(kāi)式補(bǔ)貼,補(bǔ)貼額度在30%左右。針對(duì)合作社,吉林省根據(jù)新興主體農(nóng)機(jī)裝備建設(shè)項(xiàng)目,對(duì)保護(hù)性耕作作業(yè)機(jī)具實(shí)施累加補(bǔ)貼,國(guó)家和吉林省的補(bǔ)貼比例在1:1左右。
 
  結(jié)語(yǔ):雖然東北地區(qū)在保護(hù)性耕作工作方面已取得一些成就,但當(dāng)前在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi),農(nóng)民在這方面意識(shí)不強(qiáng)、接受度不高,同時(shí)相應(yīng)配套的農(nóng)機(jī)具也不夠成熟,短板問(wèn)題還相當(dāng)突出。業(yè)內(nèi)專家認(rèn)為,如同5G通訊技術(shù)代表著世界為先進(jìn)的科技一樣,保護(hù)性耕作是農(nóng)業(yè)的5G技術(shù)。因此,大力推廣普及保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)、提高保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)裝備研究制造水平,從而讓現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)走上可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路已顯得尤為迫切,這一造福子孫后代的技術(shù)已經(jīng)到了全面發(fā)力的時(shí)候。
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