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2020年春播花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)

2020-04-09 09:33:21 來(lái)源：全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料專家指導(dǎo)組 閱讀量：20702 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀： 目前，我國(guó)春播花生已全面進(jìn)入備播階段，黃淮海、長(zhǎng)江流域及以南地區(qū)春播花生陸續(xù)開(kāi)始播種。根據(jù)各地生產(chǎn)條件和市場(chǎng)需求，全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料專家指導(dǎo)組，提出2020年春播花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 目前，我國(guó)春播花生已全面進(jìn)入備播階段，黃淮海、長(zhǎng)江流域及以南地區(qū)春播花生陸續(xù)開(kāi)始播種。根據(jù)各地生產(chǎn)條件和市場(chǎng)需求，全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會(huì)同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部油料專家指導(dǎo)組，提出2020年春播花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
　　一、選用專用品種，提早備足種子
 
　　合理選擇高油、高油酸、高蛋白、適宜食品加工等優(yōu)質(zhì)專用品種，滿足油用、食用、加工、出口等不同用途的差異化需求。黃淮海產(chǎn)區(qū)中等以上地力田塊，露地花生或地膜覆蓋花生宜選擇生育期125天左右的優(yōu)質(zhì)專用、中大果型品種；瘠薄地或連作地宜選擇生育期125天左右的優(yōu)質(zhì)專用、中小果型品種。東北產(chǎn)區(qū)選用生育期125天以內(nèi)的中早熟、中小果型品種，其中高緯度、無(wú)霜期短、積溫低的地區(qū)選用生育期115天以內(nèi)的早熟、小果型品種。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)選用生育期120天左右的珍珠豆型品種。南疆地區(qū)選用生育期125天左右的中大果型品種，北疆地區(qū)選用生育期120天以內(nèi)的中小果型品種。青枯病、爛果病易發(fā)區(qū)要選用高抗品種；機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)程度高的產(chǎn)區(qū)，要選擇成熟一致性好、果柄韌性較強(qiáng)、適宜機(jī)械化收獲品種。
 
　　二、落實(shí)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，提高播種質(zhì)量
 
　　一是造墑?wù)亍?/strong>播前精細(xì)整地，做到上虛下實(shí)、地平無(wú)土塊；播種時(shí)土壤含水量在65%—75%時(shí)為宜，干旱時(shí)造墑播種，在無(wú)水澆條件時(shí)，應(yīng)做到有墑不等時(shí)、時(shí)到不等墑，播種深度3—4厘米。二是種子處理。播種*—15天種子剝殼，剝殼前可帶殼曬種2—3天，剔除霉變、破損、發(fā)芽的種子，按籽粒大小分級(jí)保存、分級(jí)播種。采用機(jī)械脫殼的種子，一定要進(jìn)行發(fā)芽試驗(yàn)，根據(jù)發(fā)芽率情況確定適宜播量。播種前進(jìn)行拌種或包衣，陰涼通風(fēng)處晾干即可播種。三是適期播種。春播露地大粒型、小粒型和高油酸品種播期氣溫應(yīng)分別穩(wěn)定在17℃、15℃和19℃以上，地膜覆蓋播期可比露地提早7—10天。黃淮海產(chǎn)區(qū)播期一般在4月下旬至5月上旬，東北產(chǎn)區(qū)在5月中、下旬，西北產(chǎn)區(qū)在5月上、中旬。南方產(chǎn)區(qū)珍珠豆型花生應(yīng)氣溫穩(wěn)定在12℃以上，于“冷尾暖頭”搶晴播種，高油酸花生品種應(yīng)適當(dāng)晚播。四是合理密植。一般春播大粒型品種雙粒畝播0.8—1萬(wàn)穴，小粒型品種雙粒畝播0.9—1.1萬(wàn)穴，肥水條件較好的地塊宜稀播，旱薄地塊宜密植。
 
　　三、加強(qiáng)田間管理，提高群體質(zhì)量
 
　　一是科學(xué)施肥。花生施肥以底肥為主，追肥為輔。酸性土壤可適當(dāng)增施石灰、鈣鎂磷肥等含鈣肥料；連作土壤可適當(dāng)增施石灰氮、生物菌肥；肥力較低的礫質(zhì)砂土、粗砂壤土和生茬地，增施花生根瘤菌肥。二是適期澆水。足墑播種的花生，幼苗期一般不需澆水；花針期和結(jié)莢期如遇干旱，及時(shí)適量澆水。飽果期遇旱及時(shí)小水輕澆潤(rùn)灌。南方或降雨較多地區(qū)花生田要做到“三溝”通暢，防止?jié)n害。三是中耕除草。露地花生播種后1—3天，用適宜的芽前除草劑噴施地面，封閉除草；地膜花生人工播種鋪膜可在播種后、覆膜前，噴施除草劑，機(jī)械播種鋪膜與噴施除草劑一次性完成。當(dāng)花生接近封壟時(shí)，露地花生在行間、地膜花生在壟間穿溝培土，做到溝清、土暄、壟腰胖、壟頂凹，以利于果針入土結(jié)實(shí)。四是合理控旺。當(dāng)植株生長(zhǎng)至35—40厘米時(shí)，對(duì)出現(xiàn)旺長(zhǎng)的地塊用適宜的生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑進(jìn)行控制。五是綠色防控。采用物理誘殺和生物防治等方法防治蟲(chóng)害、化學(xué)藥劑防治病害。推廣黑光燈、性誘劑和誘蟲(chóng)板等物理誘殺技術(shù)。華南地區(qū)通過(guò)科學(xué)輪作和間作預(yù)防病蟲(chóng)草害。
 
　　四、適期安全收獲，確保豐產(chǎn)豐收
 
　　花生一般在主莖中下部大部分葉片變黃脫落、上部還剩3—4片綠葉時(shí)，大果型品種飽滿莢果比率達(dá)到70%以上，小果型品種飽滿莢果比率達(dá)到80%以上，即可收獲。具體收獲期還應(yīng)根據(jù)天氣和地塊情況靈活掌握。收獲后應(yīng)盡快晾曬或烘干，使莢果含水率降至10%以下，鮮食用花生宜及時(shí)冷藏、冷鏈運(yùn)輸。清選入庫(kù)后，應(yīng)注意控制貯藏條件，避免貯藏害蟲(chóng)危害和黃曲霉毒素污染的發(fā)生。

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