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今年南方洪澇對水稻生產(chǎn)的影響
2020-08-19
08:49:51
來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部新聞辦公室 閱讀量:19968
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導讀:從實地走訪和調研看,今年汛情區(qū)域相對集中,受災程度大的是早稻,一季中稻和雙季晚稻也受到不同程度影響,但由于種植面積擴大、技術保障增強等因素,水稻有望災年實現(xiàn)豐收。
【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】 今年入汛以來,長江中下游地區(qū)入梅時間早、持續(xù)時間長,降雨分布廣、累計雨量大,部分地區(qū)發(fā)生較重洪澇災害。汛情發(fā)生正值早稻灌漿收獲、中稻田間管理和晚稻育秧移栽的關鍵時期,給水稻生產(chǎn)帶來不利影響,引起了社會廣泛關注。災害發(fā)生后,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部組織水稻專家組,實地調研評估災害影響,科學指導災后生產(chǎn)恢復,因地制宜開展技術指導,大限度降低災害損失。從實地走訪和調研看,今年汛情區(qū)域相對集中,受災程度大的是早稻,一季中稻和雙季晚稻也受到不同程度影響,但由于種植面積擴大、技術保障增強等因素,水稻有望災年實現(xiàn)豐收。
從早稻生產(chǎn)情況看,洪澇災害導致局部地區(qū)早稻田塊無法及時收獲,倒伏和穗發(fā)芽現(xiàn)象嚴重,單產(chǎn)受到一定程度影響,但沒有逆轉增產(chǎn)的趨勢。
一是種植面積擴大。今年國家采取了強有力的措施恢復早稻生產(chǎn),休耕和拋荒田塊得到全面恢復,早稻種植面積大幅增加,為總產(chǎn)穩(wěn)定奠定了堅實基礎。據(jù)調查,今年湖南、江西、廣東和廣西4省(區(qū))早稻面積明顯增加,比2019年增加約470萬畝。調研時各地反應,今年早稻受災面積雖然比較大,但成災面積和絕收面積要小很多。早稻主產(chǎn)區(qū)面積大幅增加給早稻受災騰出了空間,為穩(wěn)定水稻產(chǎn)量提供了面積保障。
二是早稻群體構建合理。今年早稻生長期間,前期氣象條件總體有利,溫光水等資源匹配較好,秧苗素質好,具備豐產(chǎn)基礎。據(jù)多點定點調查對比,今年早稻平均畝穗數(shù)21.1萬穗,比上年增加0.2萬;穗粒數(shù)115.4粒,比去年增加1.2粒;結實率77.4%,比去年減少1.1個百分點;千粒重24.6克,比去年下降0.4克;理論產(chǎn)量388.6公斤,比上年下降5.3公斤。
三是技術保障增強。我國超過1000萬畝早稻種植的省份共4個,廣東、廣西兩省(區(qū))受洪澇影響不大,湖南、江西兩省受災較重,受災區(qū)域以沿江沿湖地區(qū)為主。這些區(qū)域歷*災害頻發(fā),抗災減災意識較強。近年來,隨著規(guī)?;?jīng)營主體增多,集中育秧面積不斷擴大,
烘干設備數(shù)量不斷增加。集中育秧大幅度提高了秧苗質量,提高了作物本身抵御災害能力;烘干設備為早稻搶收提供了保障,大幅度降低了災害損失,使災年奪豐收成為可能。
從中稻生產(chǎn)情況看,盡管洪澇災害導致南方部分中稻生育進程推遲,無法及時曬田,分蘗受阻,不利于高產(chǎn)群體構建,水稻細菌性條斑病、白葉枯病、紋枯病易發(fā),但目前中稻處于苗期,后期回旋余地大,只要后期不出現(xiàn)大的自然災害,單產(chǎn)和總產(chǎn)有望與去年持平。一是受災區(qū)域集中。我國中稻分布范圍廣泛,從南到北均有種植,主要分布在東北稻區(qū)、西南稻區(qū)和長江中下游稻區(qū),2019年種植面積約為3.04億畝。調研發(fā)現(xiàn),今年災情主要集中在長江中下游地區(qū),以湖南、湖北、安徽、江蘇4省為主,由于該區(qū)域中稻正處于分蘗期,耐淹性強,對整體生產(chǎn)影響程度有限,成災和絕收主要集中在沿江沿河蓄洪區(qū),占全國中稻面積比重不大。二是應對措施及時。災害發(fā)生后,各地高度重視減災工作,第一時間根據(jù)積水情況,采用機械排水或挖排水溝等方法,排除田間積水和耕層漬水,減少積水時間,退水之后及時追施*化肥,促進植株恢復生長和高產(chǎn)群體構建。對受澇田塊,可根據(jù)莖蘗數(shù)量,堅持分次排水、多次露田,調控群體質量,提高分蘗成穗率。中稻生長后期可根據(jù)不同種植方式、品種和苗情,在群體高峰苗已過、葉色明顯褪淡顯“黃”時合理施用穗粒肥,適當增施鉀肥,加速籽粒灌漿。三是儲備技術成熟。近年來,對水稻洪澇災害研究比較多,減災技術成熟。對揚花期前的田塊,可排出積水后加強水分調控和肥料運籌,促進苗情轉化升級;對揚花后的田塊,可割苗蓄留再生稻,一般洪水退后3-5天割苗。割苗前及時追施*氮肥,以護根促芽,低留稻樁,留樁20厘米左右,確保再生稻大穗多穗高產(chǎn),很大程度上能夠減少災害損失。
從晚稻生產(chǎn)情況看,洪澇災害導致部分晚稻秧田被淹,秧苗素質偏差,早稻騰茬晚影響雙季晚稻適時栽插,特別是機插秧超秧齡現(xiàn)象突出,苗高苗弱、返青期延長,不利于晚稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)高產(chǎn)。但晚稻生產(chǎn)也存在種植面積增加、技術儲備充足等有利因素,只要田間管理措施到位,晚稻生產(chǎn)再獲豐收有保障。一是面積有望增加。早稻作為雙季稻的第一季,不僅影響當季,還會影響下茬晚稻。今年早稻面積增加為晚稻面積增加奠定了基礎。當前,各地正在積極開展災后恢復生產(chǎn),確保晚稻種植面積。二是技術應用到位。調研發(fā)現(xiàn),今年早稻讓茬后,各地十分重視防災減災技術落實,施好“送嫁肥”、打好“送嫁藥”,做到了搶時栽插,以密補遲,基本苗足。同時加強水肥調控,促早發(fā)快發(fā),加快生育進程。三是減災技術完善。對于秧田被毀,無法栽插的田塊可因地制宜“早翻晚”,科學選擇適宜的早稻品種,盡快搶晴播種,同時加強播后病蟲草害防控,可有效減少災害損失。
我國地域寬廣、幅員遼闊,生態(tài)類型多、資源稟賦各異。災害往往是區(qū)域性的、階段性的,一個區(qū)域或一季作物受災,并不等于全年和全國減產(chǎn)。近年來,隨著科技水平提高,水稻綜合生產(chǎn)能力不斷提高,抵御自然災害能力不斷增強。從全國范圍看,氣候復雜多變,每年都有受災減產(chǎn)的區(qū)域,也有無災增產(chǎn)的地方,總量上實現(xiàn)相互補償,空間調節(jié)余地大。從水稻本身看,有一定的群體自我調節(jié)和產(chǎn)量構成因素的補償能力,個體和群體相互依存和制約終形成不同的產(chǎn)量結構,比如畝穗數(shù)減少了,一定程度上穗粒數(shù)就會增加。實際生產(chǎn)中,只要強化災情監(jiān)測預警、強化防災減災預案落實,只要應對措施到位、補救技術得當,大災之年同樣可以獲得豐收。
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