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茶葉大國為什么不是出口大國?緣何單產(chǎn)量比不上印度?
2020-09-21
16:55:14
來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:54923
評(píng)論
導(dǎo)讀:中國種茶有幾千年的歷史,而印度才短短兩百年,難道在種茶上我們真的比不過印度嗎?
【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 近日,筆者在網(wǎng)上看到不少網(wǎng)友討論關(guān)于“2019年中國向印度進(jìn)口了1.3萬噸茶葉,約合人民幣2.2億元”的話題,有人問中國明明是茶葉大國為什么還要花兩億多進(jìn)口這么多茶葉?更有人說“原來中國不是茶葉大國,印度才是”。
中國種茶有幾千年的歷史,而印度才短短兩百年,難道在種茶上我們真的比不過印度嗎?帶著這些疑問,筆者去查了相關(guān)資料:
首先,在茶產(chǎn)量上,中國確實(shí)是茶葉大國。以2017年數(shù)據(jù)來看,茶葉產(chǎn)量前三位分別是中國、印度、肯尼亞,其中,中國產(chǎn)量245.9萬噸,占產(chǎn)量40.3%;印度130.4萬噸,占產(chǎn)量21.7%;肯尼亞43.3萬噸,占產(chǎn)量7.2%。
2017年茶葉產(chǎn)量前三位(數(shù)據(jù)來源:茶葉委員會(huì),圖表制作:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng))
而茶葉出口前三位分別是肯尼亞、中國、斯里蘭卡,肯尼亞46.8萬噸,占出口量20.3%;中國36.7萬噸,占出口量15.9%;斯里蘭卡28.9萬噸,占出口量12.5%。
2017年茶葉出口量前三位(數(shù)據(jù)來源:茶葉委員會(huì),圖表制作:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng))
同時(shí),茶葉進(jìn)口方面,中國進(jìn)口量并不多,2017年茶葉進(jìn)口量前三分別是巴基斯坦(17.5萬噸)、俄羅斯(16.0萬噸)和美國(12.6萬噸)。
從上面數(shù)據(jù)可以看出來,我國茶產(chǎn)量是多于印度的,因此不能說“中國不是茶葉大國”,中國從印度進(jìn)口1.3萬噸茶葉也并不代表中國茶葉不夠喝。但同時(shí)也應(yīng)注意到,我國產(chǎn)量雖多,但出口量卻沒有排第一,這是什么原因?
首先,我國茶葉以內(nèi)銷為主,也就是國產(chǎn)茶葉大多被國人喝掉了。其次,據(jù)筆者了解,我國產(chǎn)茶以綠茶為主,而茶葉貿(mào)易以紅茶為主,肯尼亞和印度等國主要以生產(chǎn)紅茶為主。我國向印度進(jìn)口的茶葉也基本是紅茶。
此外還有一個(gè)原因,前面說到印度茶葉產(chǎn)量雖然低于我國,但是印度茶葉單產(chǎn)量確是高于我國的,2017年中國茶葉單產(chǎn)量為1112kg/公頃,只占印度的50%。據(jù)了解,在貿(mào)易學(xué)中有一個(gè)術(shù)語叫RCA指數(shù)(顯示性比較優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)),專門用來衡量某個(gè)國家(地區(qū))某一產(chǎn)業(yè)在貿(mào)易中的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。通常來說,如果一國的某個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)RCA指數(shù)大于2.5,則表明該國的該產(chǎn)業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上具有極強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。而在茶葉方面,中國的RCA指數(shù)為1.79,印度則是6.36。
印度茶葉單產(chǎn)量高得益于印度早早實(shí)現(xiàn)了茶葉規(guī)?;C(jī)械化生產(chǎn)。早在18世紀(jì)后期,印度在揉茶、切茶、焙茶、篩茶、裝茶等各環(huán)節(jié)先后實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化;19世紀(jì)后期,印度已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)千人規(guī)模的制茶大廠。
說回國內(nèi),雖然我國有幾千年的茶歷史、茶文化,歷*曾是毋庸置疑的茶葉生產(chǎn)和出口大國,但茶生產(chǎn)大體以小農(nóng)戶、小作坊為主。即便到了今天,我國仍存在大量的家庭作坊生產(chǎn)茶葉,因此在茶園管理、采茶、制茶等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)都需要大量人工,而當(dāng)下勞動(dòng)力成本居高不下,這導(dǎo)致茶葉生產(chǎn)整體成本不斷攀升,經(jīng)營者利潤受壓縮,茶農(nóng)增收壓力加大,從而影響生產(chǎn)積極性;加之大量茶園管理分散,機(jī)械化、自動(dòng)化程度低,茶園單位面積效益較低,單從這點(diǎn)來看,在出口上不占據(jù)較大優(yōu)勢(shì)。
綜上,我國國土遼闊,雖然茶葉種植面積居*,但單產(chǎn)量確遠(yuǎn)低于印度等國。茶葉生產(chǎn)大國想要成為茶葉強(qiáng)國,實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模化、機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)是必由之路,只有這樣才能讓中國茶葉在貿(mào)易中占據(jù)更大比例,讓更多國家和人民喝到中國茶葉。
那么目前我國茶生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展得怎么樣了?國家為了提高機(jī)械化水平都出臺(tái)了哪些政策、做了哪些努力?歡迎持續(xù)關(guān)注農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng),下期文章繼續(xù)討論。
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