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湖北蓮藕產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展?jié)摿τ卸啻?？解決機械化問題是關(guān)鍵

2022-04-14 10:26:24 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：39051 評論

導(dǎo)讀：湖北省蓮藕、荸薺、茭白、菱、芋等水生蔬菜資源十分豐富，產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展前景十分廣闊。但長期以來，水生蔬菜收獲主要以人工收獲為主，勞動強度大、作業(yè)效率低，相關(guān)作業(yè)機械研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)目前尚屬空白。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】湖北省蓮藕、荸薺、茭白、菱、芋等水生蔬菜資源十分豐富，產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展前景十分廣闊。但長期以來，水生蔬菜收獲主要以人工收獲為主，勞動強度大、作業(yè)效率低，相關(guān)作業(yè)機械研發(fā)與生產(chǎn)目前尚屬空白。
 
　　湖北是“千湖之省”，豐富的濕地資源是蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的天然優(yōu)勢，初步統(tǒng)計至少有2000萬畝低洼地區(qū)適宜種植蓮等水生蔬菜。洪湖市是湖北省的“蓮藕大市”，目前，洪湖市野生蓮藕面積10萬畝，人工種植蓮藕21萬畝，蓮藕面積躍居全國縣市第一。據(jù)悉，為貫徹落實《湖北省蔬菜(食用菌、蓮、魔芋)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈實施方案》和《荊州市蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈發(fā)展實施方案》，洪湖市已制定未來5年蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，提出到2025年，蓮藕人工種植面積發(fā)展到25萬畝,其中蓮藕15萬畝，藕帶6萬畝，子蓮4萬畝，蓮藕綜合產(chǎn)值突破100億元。
 
　　蓮藕產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開機械裝備技術(shù)的支撐，但目前來看，湖北蓮藕產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展存在“勞動力短缺成本高，機械化生產(chǎn)難度大”的問題。
 
　　蓮是勞動力密集型和高勞動強度產(chǎn)業(yè)，尤其是施肥和采收環(huán)節(jié)，勞動力需求量大，勞動強度高。蓮養(yǎng)分吸收規(guī)律及安全技術(shù)理論等方面的研究相對落后，蓮生產(chǎn)缺少科學(xué)施肥理論指導(dǎo)，湖北蓮產(chǎn)區(qū)存在過度施用化肥現(xiàn)象。
 
　　且蓮采收環(huán)節(jié)成本也很高，蓮藕采挖人工費用占生產(chǎn)成本的30%-50%。目前挖藕主要采用高壓水槍，效率相對傳統(tǒng)方式提升了3-4倍，但依舊需要人工下水采挖，作業(yè)強度大。蓮生產(chǎn)的高人工投入與中國農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力結(jié)構(gòu)老化之間的矛盾越來越突出，生產(chǎn)勞動力成本不斷攀升，而蓮藕的高效率機械采挖、蓮子的機械化采摘和剝殼等技術(shù)還不成熟。
 
　　湖北從事水生蔬菜研究的科研單位眾多，研究方向涵蓋了育種、種植、病蟲草害防治、土壤肥料、保鮮加工、農(nóng)業(yè)機械等全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈學(xué)科，為湖北蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展奠定了良好的科研基礎(chǔ)。4月7日下午，湖北省科技服務(wù)園藝產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈“515”行動(協(xié)同推廣)項目蓮藕機械化專家組赴江夏區(qū)金水街道金水祺良公司蓮藕種植基地開展科技服務(wù)促春耕活動。
 
　　專家組深入公司蓮藕種植基地和蓮藕采后初加工和深加工車間，查看了蓮藕定植前機械耕整地情況與加工機械應(yīng)用情況，并與公司負(fù)責(zé)人就蓮藕機械化施肥、植保技術(shù)等進(jìn)行交流探討，明確了技術(shù)需求，制定了“515”科技服務(wù)方案。專家組還赴江夏區(qū)2022年小麥赤霉病綜合防控示范區(qū)、海勇農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社、清水河農(nóng)機維修中心等地開展了耕整地、播種、植保、收獲機的技術(shù)交流指導(dǎo)。
 
　　據(jù)了解，湖北在“十四五”期間確定了發(fā)展糧油、蔬菜、畜禽等十大產(chǎn)業(yè)。以蓮為代表的水生蔬菜相較于其他蔬菜種類更具基礎(chǔ)和優(yōu)勢，具有較強的發(fā)展?jié)摿Α?br /> 
　　針對湖北蓮藕產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展，業(yè)界建議：圍繞蓮全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈技術(shù)需求，聯(lián)合省內(nèi)從事水生蔬菜研究、推廣和生產(chǎn)的科研院所、大專院校、農(nóng)技推廣部門以及新型生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營主體等，建立跨學(xué)科、跨部門的水生蔬菜協(xié)同攻關(guān)與服務(wù)體系，加強優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、抗病品種以及加工專用品種選育，加強生態(tài)種養(yǎng)、輪作配茬等高效栽培模式以及科學(xué)規(guī)范施肥、綠色病蟲害防控等實用技術(shù)研究，加強采收采挖、施肥施藥機械裝備研發(fā)，集成應(yīng)用適宜產(chǎn)業(yè)需求的安全、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、生態(tài)、省工的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，進(jìn)一步提升蓮產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和效益，實現(xiàn)蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動、內(nèi)生增長，促進(jìn)湖北省蓮產(chǎn)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革及綠色高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
 
　　注：本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(tmpdc.cn)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：荊楚網(wǎng)、湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)事業(yè)發(fā)展中心。湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳。

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