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小麥機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)要點

2023-06-06 09:27:31 來源：酒泉市農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)中心整理 閱讀量：11357 評論

導(dǎo)讀：作業(yè)季節(jié)開始前進(jìn)行全面檢查與保養(yǎng)，對機(jī)具做好試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，認(rèn)真檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常等，以便出現(xiàn)故障時能夠及時排除。

　　小麥機(jī)械化收獲減損技術(shù)要點
 
　　一、作業(yè)前機(jī)具準(zhǔn)備
 
　　開始作業(yè)前要保持機(jī)具良好工作狀態(tài)，預(yù)防和減少作業(yè)故障，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量和效率。
 
　　（一）機(jī)具檢查
 
　　作業(yè)季節(jié)開始前進(jìn)行全面檢查與保養(yǎng)，對機(jī)具做好試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，認(rèn)真檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常等，以便出現(xiàn)故障時能夠及時排除。
 
　　（二）試割
 
　　要選擇有代表性的地塊進(jìn)行試割。試割作業(yè)行進(jìn)長度以30米左右為宜。試割過程中，應(yīng)注意觀察，發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時解決。
 
　　二、確定適宜收獲時間
 
　　小麥機(jī)收宜在蠟熟末期至完熟初期進(jìn)行。如遇雨季迫近，或急需搶種下茬作物，或品種易落粒、折稈、折穗、穗上發(fā)芽等情況，應(yīng)適當(dāng)提前收獲時間。
 
　　三、機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求和測定方法
 
　　（一）作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求
 、

　　機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量應(yīng)符合NY/T 995-2006《谷物(小麥)聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)械 作業(yè)質(zhì)量》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。
 
　　（二）簡易測定法
 
　　推薦“半米幅寬法”和“巴掌法”。選擇自然落粒少的田塊，在收割機(jī)穩(wěn)定作業(yè)區(qū)域，往返兩個行程內(nèi)隨機(jī)選取兩個取樣區(qū)，收集掉落地上的籽粒個數(shù)，根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐男←溓ЯＶ?或落地籽粒稱重)和平均畝產(chǎn)量估算平均損失率。
 
　　四、減少機(jī)收環(huán)節(jié)損失的措施
 
　　作業(yè)過程中，應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)淖鳂I(yè)參數(shù)，并根據(jù)自然條件和作物條件的不同及時對機(jī)具進(jìn)行調(diào)整，使聯(lián)合收割機(jī)保持良好的工作狀態(tài)，減少機(jī)收損失，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量。
 
　　（一）選擇作業(yè)行走路線
 
　　聯(lián)合收割機(jī)作業(yè)一般可采取順時針向心回轉(zhuǎn)、逆時針向心回轉(zhuǎn)、梭形收割三種行走方法。
 
　　（二）選擇作業(yè)速度
 
　　根據(jù)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)自身喂入量、小麥產(chǎn)量、自然高度、干濕程度等因素選擇合理的作業(yè)速度。當(dāng)小麥稠密、植株大、產(chǎn)量高、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時，應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度。
 
　　（三）調(diào)整作業(yè)幅寬
 
　　作業(yè)時不能有漏割現(xiàn)象，作業(yè)幅寬以割臺寬度的90%為宜，保證喂入均勻；但當(dāng)小麥產(chǎn)量過高、濕度過大或留茬高度過低時，以低速作業(yè)仍超載時，一般割幅減少到80%時即可。
 
　　（四）保持合適的留茬高度
 
　　一般以10—15厘米為宜。在保證正常收割的情況下，割茬應(yīng)盡量降低但不小于5厘米。
 
　　（五）調(diào)整撥禾輪速度和位置
 
　　撥禾輪線速度為聯(lián)合收割機(jī)前進(jìn)速度的1.1—1.2倍，不宜過高；調(diào)整撥禾輪高低位置，應(yīng)使撥禾輪彈齒或壓板作用在被切割作物高度的2/3處為宜。以撥禾輪不翻草、割臺不堆積麥稈為宜。
 
　　（六）調(diào)整脫粒、清選等工作部件
 
　　脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速、脫粒間隙和導(dǎo)流板角度的大小是影響小麥脫凈率、破碎率的重要因素。在保證破碎率不超標(biāo)的前提下，正確調(diào)整入口與出口間隙之比(一般為4∶1)等措施。
 
　　（七）倒伏小麥的收割
 
　　做好聯(lián)合收割機(jī)調(diào)整。適當(dāng)降低割茬，以減少漏割。倒伏嚴(yán)重時，采取逆倒伏方向收獲，撥禾彈齒后傾15—30度，撥禾輪適當(dāng)前移；順倒伏方向收獲時，撥禾彈齒后傾15—30度，以增強(qiáng)扶禾作用。割臺底板輕觸地面，割刀距地面高度視倒伏情況調(diào)整低于10厘米為宜。
 
　　（八）收割過熟作物
 
　　收割時應(yīng)適當(dāng)調(diào)低撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速，防止撥禾輪板擊打麥穗造成掉粒損失，同時降低作業(yè)速度，適當(dāng)減小清選篩開度。
 
　　（九）規(guī)范作業(yè)操作
 
　　應(yīng)根據(jù)作物實際情況來選擇作業(yè)擋位，要經(jīng)常檢查凹板篩和清選篩的篩面，防止被泥土或潮濕物堵死造成糧食損失。收割作業(yè)結(jié)束后糧箱存糧，要及時卸凈。
 
　　（十）在線監(jiān)測
 
　　提升裝備智能化水平，可在小麥聯(lián)合收割機(jī)上裝配損失率、含雜率、破碎率在線監(jiān)測裝置。得到并保持較理想的作業(yè)狀態(tài)。
 
　　五、培訓(xùn)與監(jiān)督
 
　　（一）開展收獲技術(shù)培訓(xùn)
 
　　機(jī)手、種植戶和從事收獲質(zhì)量監(jiān)督的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員應(yīng)經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)，掌握小麥品種、籽粒含水率、種植模式、收割地形等方面的知識，掌握聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的正確使用、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)知識以及作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。
 
　　（二）加強(qiáng)作業(yè)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督
 
　　鼓勵種植戶與機(jī)手簽訂收獲作業(yè)損失協(xié)議，農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員可通過巡回檢查監(jiān)督作業(yè)損失等情況，并在損失偏大或出現(xiàn)其他不合乎要求情形時，要求機(jī)手對聯(lián)合收割機(jī)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，仍不合要求的，應(yīng)及時更換故障部件或整機(jī)。
 
　　監(jiān)制：寧彬   審核：馮正睿   編輯：趙嵐
 
　　整理：酒泉市農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)中心
 

上一篇： 唐仁健在河南河北調(diào)研小麥“爛場雨”災(zāi)情 和指導(dǎo)“三夏”生產(chǎn)

下一篇：麥?zhǔn)湛煊崳?0230605）

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