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小麥機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導意見

2022-06-02 09:54:43 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機化總站 閱讀量：21097 評論

導讀：近日，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化管理司 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化總站 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機械化推進專家指導組發(fā)布小麥機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指導意見。

　　(2022年5月修訂)
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化管理司 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化總站 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機械化推進專家指導組
 
　　本技術(shù)指導意見適用于全喂入聯(lián)合收割機的小麥收獲作業(yè)。在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)，小麥品種及種植模式應盡量規(guī)范一致，作物及田塊條件適于機械化收獲。機手應根據(jù)小麥田間狀態(tài)提前檢查調(diào)試好收獲機，確定適宜收割期，執(zhí)行小麥機收作業(yè)質(zhì)量標準和操作規(guī)程，提高作業(yè)效率、減少收獲環(huán)節(jié)損失。
 
　　一、作業(yè)前準備
 
　　開始作業(yè)前要保持機具良好的工作狀態(tài)，預防和減少作業(yè)故障，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量和效率。
 
　　（一）機具檢查
 
　　作業(yè)季節(jié)開始前要依據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用說明書對聯(lián)合收割機進行一次全面檢查與保養(yǎng)，確保機具在整個收獲期能正常工作。經(jīng)重新安裝、保養(yǎng)或修理后的小麥聯(lián)合收割機要認真做好試運轉(zhuǎn)，先局部后整體，認真檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、制動、燈光、收割、輸送、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機構(gòu)的運轉(zhuǎn)、傳動、操作、間隙等情況，檢查有無異常響聲和三漏情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時解決。要檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常；離合器、制動踏板自由行程是否適當；發(fā)動機機油、冷卻液是否適量；儀表板各指示是否正常；輪胎氣壓是否正常；傳動鏈、張緊輪是否松動或損傷，運動是否靈活可靠；檢查和調(diào)整各傳動皮帶的張緊度，防止作業(yè)時皮帶打滑；重要部位螺栓、螺母有無松動；割臺、機架等部件有無變形等。備足備齊田間作業(yè)常用工具、零配件、易損零配件及油料等，以便出現(xiàn)故障時能夠及時排除。
 
　　（二）試割
 
　　正式開始作業(yè)前要選擇有代表性的地塊進行試割。試割作業(yè)行進長度以30米左右為宜，根據(jù)作物、田塊的條件確定適合的收割速度，對照作業(yè)質(zhì)量標準(見表1)仔細檢查損失率、破碎率、含雜率等情況，有無漏割、堵草、跑糧等異常情況，并以此為依據(jù)對割刀間隙、脫粒間隙、篩子開度和(或)風扇風量等情況進行必要調(diào)整。調(diào)整后再進行試割并檢測，直至達到質(zhì)量標準和農(nóng)戶要求。作物品種、成熟度、干濕程度、田塊條件有變化要重新試割和調(diào)試機具。試割過程中，應注意觀察、傾聽機器工作狀況，發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時解決。
 
　　二、確定適宜收獲時間
 
　　小麥機收宜在蠟熟末期至完熟初期進行，此時產(chǎn)量最高，品質(zhì)最好。小麥成熟期主要特征：蠟熟中期下部葉片干黃，莖稈有彈性，籽粒轉(zhuǎn)黃色，飽滿而濕潤，籽粒含水率25%—30%。蠟熟末期植株變黃，僅葉鞘莖部略帶綠色，莖稈仍有彈性，籽粒黃色稍硬，內(nèi)含物呈蠟狀，含水率20%—25%。完熟初期葉片枯黃，籽粒變硬，呈品種本色，含水率在20%以下。
 
　　確定收獲時間，還要根據(jù)當時的天氣情況、品種特性和栽培條件，合理安排收割順序，做到因地制宜、適時搶收，確保顆粒歸倉。大面積收獲可選擇在蠟熟中期開始作業(yè)，小面積收獲可選擇在蠟熟末期作業(yè)，以使大部分小麥在適收期內(nèi)收獲。留種用的麥田宜在完熟期收獲。如遇雨季迫近，或急需搶種下茬作物，或品種易落粒、折稈、折穗、穗上發(fā)芽等情況，應適當提前收獲時間。
 
　　三、機收作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求和測定方法
 
　　（一）作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求
 
　　機收作業(yè)質(zhì)量應符合NY/T 995-2006《谷物(小麥)聯(lián)合收獲機械 作業(yè)質(zhì)量》標準要求。
 
（二）簡易測定法
 
　　推薦“半米幅寬法”和“巴掌法”。選擇自然落粒少的田塊，在收割機穩(wěn)定作業(yè)區(qū)域，往返兩個行程內(nèi)隨機選取兩個取樣區(qū)，收集掉落地上的籽粒個數(shù)，根據(jù)當?shù)氐男←溓ЯＶ?或落地籽粒稱重)和平均畝產(chǎn)量估算平均損失率。
 
　　1.半米幅寬法。取樣區(qū)為沿著收割機前進方向長度為0.5米，寬為聯(lián)合收割機工作幅寬，按照公式(1)計算取樣區(qū)的損失率。
 
(1)
 
　　式中：Si—第i個取樣區(qū)損失率，單位為%；Wi—為第i個取樣區(qū)落地籽粒質(zhì)量，單位為克；M—收割機工作幅寬，單位為米；L—小麥畝產(chǎn)量，單位為公斤/畝。
 
　　如果沒有稱重條件，可以用往年小麥千粒重估算落地籽粒質(zhì)量。以小麥千粒重45克，畝產(chǎn)量450公斤，工作幅寬為2米的收割機為例，按照標準損失率≤2.0%，“半米幅寬法”一個取樣區(qū)域內(nèi)落地籽粒應不超過300粒。不同小麥品種按千粒重和畝產(chǎn)量確定以及收割機工作幅寬落地籽粒判定標準粒數(shù)。
 
　　2.巴掌法。用成人的手掌劃定取樣區(qū)域，面積按0.02平米計，按照公式(2)計算取樣區(qū)的損失率。
 
(2)
 
　　式中：Ni—第i個取樣區(qū)籽粒數(shù)量，單位為個；G—該地塊往年小麥千粒重，單位為克。
 
　　以小麥千粒重45克，畝產(chǎn)量450公斤為例，按照標準損失率≤2.0%，“巴掌法”不超過6粒。不同小麥品種按千粒重和畝產(chǎn)量確定落地籽粒判定標準粒數(shù)。
 
　　四、減少機收環(huán)節(jié)損失的措施
 
　　作業(yè)過程中，應選擇適當?shù)淖鳂I(yè)參數(shù)，并根據(jù)自然條件和作物條件的不同及時對機具進行調(diào)整，使聯(lián)合收割機保持良好的工作狀態(tài)，減少機收損失，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量。
 
　　（一）選擇作業(yè)行走路線
 
　　聯(lián)合收割機作業(yè)一般可采取順時針向心回轉(zhuǎn)、逆時針向心回轉(zhuǎn)、梭形收割三種行走方法。在具體作業(yè)時，機手應根據(jù)地塊實際情況靈活選用，要卸糧方便、快捷，盡量減少機車空行。作業(yè)時盡量保持直線行駛。轉(zhuǎn)彎時應停止收割，將割臺升起，采用倒車法轉(zhuǎn)彎或兜圈法直角轉(zhuǎn)彎，不要邊割邊轉(zhuǎn)彎，以防因分禾器、行走輪或履帶壓倒未割小麥，造成漏割損失。
 
　　（二）選擇作業(yè)速度
 
　　根據(jù)聯(lián)合收割機自身喂入量、小麥產(chǎn)量、自然高度、干濕程度等因素選擇合理的作業(yè)速度。作業(yè)過程中(包括收割作業(yè)開始前1分鐘、結(jié)束后2分鐘)應盡量保持發(fā)動機在額定轉(zhuǎn)速下運轉(zhuǎn)。通常情況下，采用正常作業(yè)速度進行收割，盡量避免急加速或急減速。當小麥稠密、植株大、產(chǎn)量高、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時，應適當降低作業(yè)速度。摘檔停車時，要等小麥脫粒滾筒運轉(zhuǎn)一段時間后，再減小油門熄火停車。
 
　　（三）調(diào)整作業(yè)幅寬
 
　　在作業(yè)時不能有漏割現(xiàn)象，作業(yè)幅寬以割臺寬度的90%為宜，保證喂入均勻；但當小麥產(chǎn)量過高、濕度過大或留茬高度過低時，以最低檔速度作業(yè)仍超載時，應減小割幅，一般割幅減少到80%時即可滿足要求。
 
　　（四）保持合適的留茬高度
 
　　割茬高度應根據(jù)小麥植株高度和地塊的平整情況而定，一般以10—15厘米為宜。割茬過高，由于麥穗高度不一致或通過田埂時割臺上下波動，易造成漏割損失；同時，撥禾輪的撥禾鋪放作用減弱，易造成落地損失。在保證正常收割的情況下，割茬應盡量降低但不小于5厘米，以免割刀切入泥土，加速切割器磨損。對于小麥穗頭下部莖稈含水率較高地塊收獲作業(yè)時，可選用雙層割刀割臺，以減少喂入量，降低小麥留茬高度。
 
　　（五）調(diào)整撥禾輪速度和位置
 
　　調(diào)整撥禾輪的轉(zhuǎn)速，使撥禾輪線速度為聯(lián)合收割機前進速度的1.1—1.2倍，不宜過高；調(diào)整撥禾輪高低位置，應使撥禾輪彈齒或壓板作用在被切割作物高度的2/3處為宜；調(diào)整撥禾輪前后位置，應視作物密度和倒伏程度而定，當作物植株密度大并且倒伏時，適當前移，以增強扶禾能力。撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速過高、位置偏高或偏前，易造成小麥穗頭籽粒脫落，增加收獲損失。調(diào)整后，從駕駛室觀察，以撥禾輪不翻草、割臺不堆積麥稈為宜。
 
　　（六）調(diào)整脫粒、清選等工作部件
 
　　脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速、脫粒間隙和導流板角度的大小是影響小麥脫凈率、破碎率的重要因素。在保證破碎率不超標的前提下，可通過適當提高脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速，減小滾筒與凹板之間的間隙，正確調(diào)整入口與出口間隙之比(一般為4∶1)等措施，提高脫凈率，減少脫粒損失。在保證含雜率不超標的前提下，可通過適當減小風扇風量、調(diào)大篩子的開度及提高尾篩位置等，減少清選損失。
 
　　（七）倒伏小麥的收割
 
　　做好聯(lián)合收割機撥禾輪、脫粒清選系統(tǒng)的調(diào)整。適當降低割茬，以減少漏割。倒伏嚴重時，應采取逆倒伏方向收獲，撥禾彈齒后傾15—30度，撥禾輪適當前移，可安裝專用的扶禾器；順倒伏方向收獲時，撥禾彈齒后傾15—30度，以增強扶禾作用?？赏ㄟ^降低作業(yè)速度來減少喂入量，防止堵塞。要適當增加風量，調(diào)好風向和篩子的開度，以糠中不裹糧為宜。割臺底板輕觸地面，割刀距地面高度視倒伏情況調(diào)整低于10厘米為宜。
 
　　（八）收割過熟作物
 
　　小麥過度成熟時，莖稈過干易折斷、麥粒易脫落，脫粒后碎莖稈增加易引起清選困難，收割時應適當調(diào)低撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速，防止撥禾輪板擊打麥穗造成掉粒損失，同時降低作業(yè)速度，適當減小清選篩開度，也可安排在早晨或傍晚莖稈韌性較大時收割。
 
　　（九）規(guī)范作業(yè)操作
 
　　作業(yè)時應根據(jù)作物品種、高度、產(chǎn)量、成熟程度及秸稈含水率等情況來選擇作業(yè)擋位，用作業(yè)速度、割茬高度及工作幅寬來調(diào)整喂入量，使機器在額定負荷下工作，盡量降低夾帶損失，避免發(fā)生堵塞故障。要經(jīng)常檢查凹板篩和清選篩的篩面，防止被泥土或潮濕物堵死造成糧食損失，如有堵塞要及時清理。收割作業(yè)結(jié)束后糧箱存糧，要及時卸凈。
 
　　（十）在線監(jiān)測
 
　　提升裝備智能化水平，可在小麥聯(lián)合收割機上裝配損失率、含雜率、破碎率在線監(jiān)測裝置。機手根據(jù)在線監(jiān)測裝置提示的相關(guān)指標、曲線，適時調(diào)整作業(yè)速度、喂入量、留茬高度等作業(yè)狀態(tài)參數(shù)，得到并保持損失率、含雜率、破碎率較理想的作業(yè)狀態(tài)。
 
　　五、培訓與監(jiān)督
 
　　（一）開展收獲技術(shù)培訓
 
　　機手、種植戶和從事收獲質(zhì)量監(jiān)督的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機管理人員應經(jīng)過培訓，掌握小麥品種、籽粒含水率、種植模式、收割地形等方面的知識，掌握聯(lián)合收割機的正確使用、維護保養(yǎng)知識以及作業(yè)質(zhì)量標準要求。
 
　　（二）加強作業(yè)質(zhì)量監(jiān)督
 
　　鼓勵種植戶與機手簽訂收獲作業(yè)損失協(xié)議，農(nóng)機管理人員可通過巡回檢查監(jiān)督作業(yè)損失等情況，并在損失偏大或出現(xiàn)其他不合乎要求情形時，要求機手對聯(lián)合收割機進行調(diào)整，仍不合要求的，應及時更換故障部件或整機。

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