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關(guān)注丨無(wú)人機(jī)飛行管控新條例將于2024年1月1日起實(shí)施

2023-12-20 16:23:28 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：26086 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：由國(guó)務(wù)院和中央軍委于2023年6月28日正式公布的《無(wú)人駕駛航空器飛行管理暫行條例》（第761號(hào)）即將于2024年1月1日起正式生效施行。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 政策與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)】近年來(lái)，我國(guó)無(wú)人駕駛航空器產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展，已廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)、國(guó)土、物流、科研、國(guó)防等領(lǐng)域，對(duì)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展發(fā)揮了重要作用。與此同時(shí)，實(shí)踐中無(wú)人駕駛航空器“黑飛”擾航、失控傷人、偷拍侵權(quán)等問(wèn)題日益凸顯，威脅航空安全、公共安全和國(guó)家安全，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)不容忽視。且隨著無(wú)人機(jī)用戶的不斷增多，飛行管控不可或缺。
 
　　由國(guó)務(wù)院和中央軍委于2023年6月28日正式公布的《無(wú)人駕駛航空器飛行管理暫行條例》（第761號(hào)）即將于2024年1月1日起正式生效施行。該條例旨在規(guī)范無(wú)人駕駛航空器飛行以及有關(guān)活動(dòng)，促進(jìn)無(wú)人駕駛航空器產(chǎn)業(yè)健康有序發(fā)展，維護(hù)航空安全、公共安全、國(guó)家安全等。
 
　　《條例》規(guī)定了一系列制度措施，概括起來(lái)主要有三個(gè)方面：
 

　　一是加強(qiáng)對(duì)民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器及操控人員的管理。具體包括：實(shí)行適航和質(zhì)量管理制度，從事中型、大型民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、進(jìn)口、飛行和維修活動(dòng)應(yīng)當(dāng)依法申請(qǐng)取得有關(guān)適航許可；微型、輕型、小型民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)應(yīng)當(dāng)符合產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量法律法規(guī)有關(guān)規(guī)定以及有關(guān)強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并執(zhí)行缺陷產(chǎn)品召回制度。建立產(chǎn)品識(shí)別碼和實(shí)名登記制度，生產(chǎn)者應(yīng)當(dāng)為其生產(chǎn)的民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器設(shè)置唯一產(chǎn)品識(shí)別碼，所有者應(yīng)當(dāng)依法進(jìn)行實(shí)名登記。
 
　　根據(jù)條例第10條規(guī)定，民用無(wú)人機(jī)登記管理包括實(shí)名注冊(cè)登記、國(guó)籍登記。除微型無(wú)人機(jī)以外的民用無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)當(dāng)向民用航空管理機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)名注冊(cè)登記（注冊(cè)網(wǎng)址：https://uom.caac.gov.cn/#/login），涉及境外飛行的民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器應(yīng)當(dāng)依法進(jìn)行國(guó)籍登記。
 
　　在未實(shí)名登記情況下進(jìn)行飛行活動(dòng)的，由公安機(jī)關(guān)責(zé)令改正，可處200元以下罰款；情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，處2000元以上2萬(wàn)元以下罰款。涉及境外飛行的民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器未依法進(jìn)行國(guó)籍登記的，由民用航空管理部門責(zé)令改正，處1萬(wàn)元以上10萬(wàn)元以下罰款。（見(jiàn)條例第47條）
 
　　完善運(yùn)營(yíng)合格證制度，使用除微型以外的民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器從事飛行活動(dòng)的單位，應(yīng)當(dāng)申請(qǐng)取得運(yùn)營(yíng)合格證。強(qiáng)化操控人員要求，操控小型、中型、大型民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器的人員應(yīng)當(dāng)申請(qǐng)取得相應(yīng)操控員執(zhí)照，操控微型、輕型民用無(wú)人駕駛航空器應(yīng)熟練掌握操作方法，了解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)警示信息和有關(guān)管理制度。
 
　　根據(jù)條例第16條規(guī)定，從事常規(guī)農(nóng)用無(wú)人駕駛航空器作業(yè)飛行活動(dòng)的人員無(wú)需取得操控員執(zhí)照，但應(yīng)當(dāng)由農(nóng)用無(wú)人駕駛航空器系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)者按照國(guó)務(wù)院民用航空、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門規(guī)定的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)和考核，合格后取得操作證書(shū)。
 
　　根據(jù)條例第50條規(guī)定，未取得操作證書(shū)從事常規(guī)農(nóng)用無(wú)人駕駛航空器作業(yè)飛行活動(dòng)的，由縣級(jí)以上地方人民政府農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門責(zé)令停止作業(yè)，并處1000元以上1萬(wàn)元以下的罰款。
 
　　二是規(guī)范空域劃設(shè)和飛行活動(dòng)。劃設(shè)無(wú)人駕駛航空器管制空域，未經(jīng)空中交通管理機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)不得在管制空域內(nèi)實(shí)施飛行活動(dòng)。明確隔離飛行為主原則，無(wú)人駕駛航空器通常應(yīng)與有人駕駛航空器隔離飛行。建立飛行活動(dòng)申請(qǐng)制度，明確需提出飛行活動(dòng)申請(qǐng)的情形以及審批權(quán)限和審批時(shí)限等。強(qiáng)化飛行活動(dòng)規(guī)范，明確無(wú)人駕駛航空器飛行避讓規(guī)則以及禁止性行為等。規(guī)范涉外飛行活動(dòng)，禁止外國(guó)無(wú)人駕駛航空器或者由外國(guó)人員操控的無(wú)人駕駛航空器在我國(guó)境內(nèi)實(shí)施測(cè)繪、電波參數(shù)測(cè)試等飛行活動(dòng)。
 
　　三是強(qiáng)化監(jiān)督管理和應(yīng)急處置。通過(guò)無(wú)人駕駛航空器一體化綜合監(jiān)管服務(wù)平臺(tái)對(duì)全國(guó)無(wú)人駕駛航空器實(shí)施動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)管與服務(wù)。強(qiáng)化監(jiān)管信息公開(kāi)，向社會(huì)公布有關(guān)審批事項(xiàng)、申辦流程、受理單位等信息并及時(shí)更新。細(xì)化應(yīng)急處置責(zé)任，明確對(duì)違規(guī)飛行的處置措施。
 
　　從制度層面看，我國(guó)現(xiàn)行航空管理制度是基于有人駕駛航空器運(yùn)行管理模式設(shè)計(jì)的，缺乏有效針對(duì)無(wú)人駕駛航空器管理的相關(guān)制度規(guī)定，也難以適應(yīng)無(wú)人駕駛航空器技術(shù)更新快、應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景廣等特點(diǎn)。制定專門行政法規(guī)，及時(shí)填補(bǔ)無(wú)人駕駛航空器管理法規(guī)空白，依法加強(qiáng)無(wú)人駕駛航空器飛行及相關(guān)活動(dòng)的安全監(jiān)管，有效化解和防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，促進(jìn)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展，很有必要也非常迫切。由于無(wú)人駕駛航空器管理總體上還是新問(wèn)題，如何做到科學(xué)有效管理還需要繼續(xù)探索，因此《條例》使用了“暫行條例”的名稱，今后將在實(shí)踐中不斷完善。
 
　　注：本文由農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(tmpdc.cn)整理發(fā)布，資料來(lái)源：中國(guó)政府網(wǎng)。

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