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寧夏農(nóng)機推廣站制定倒伏水稻機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引

2024-10-10 08:43:19 來源：寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣站/技術(shù)推廣科 閱讀量：15682 評論

導(dǎo)讀：當(dāng)前，寧夏水稻機械化收獲已進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵時期，為有效應(yīng)對風(fēng)雨天氣對水稻產(chǎn)量造成的損失，科學(xué)開展秋季收獲，減少倒伏水稻收獲損失，確保秋糧顆粒歸倉，寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣站制定倒伏水稻機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引，加強技術(shù)指導(dǎo)與服務(wù)。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當(dāng)前，寧夏水稻機械化收獲已進(jìn)入關(guān)鍵時期，為有效應(yīng)對風(fēng)雨天氣對水稻產(chǎn)量造成的損失，科學(xué)開展秋季收獲，減少倒伏水稻收獲損失，確保秋糧顆粒歸倉，寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣站制定倒伏水稻機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引，加強技術(shù)指導(dǎo)與服務(wù)。
 
　　一、選擇適宜收獲方式和機具。機械化收獲作業(yè)前，實地觀察水稻倒伏情況，科學(xué)選擇收獲機具。收獲倒伏水稻時，半喂入谷物聯(lián)合收割機作業(yè)效果一般優(yōu)于全喂入谷物聯(lián)合收割機。嚴(yán)重倒伏且倒伏方向一致，應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用半喂入機型。倒伏不嚴(yán)重且倒伏方向交錯，可選用全喂入機型。
 
　　二、提前檢查和調(diào)試機具。由于收獲倒伏水稻難度大，對作業(yè)機具的要求更高，要全面檢查調(diào)整好機具，保證收獲機各系統(tǒng)運轉(zhuǎn)正常。一是倒伏角小于45度時，對收獲作業(yè)影響有限，一般不進(jìn)行特殊處理。二是倒伏角大于45度小于60度時，如選用半喂入機型，應(yīng)采用順向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式；如選用全喂入機型，應(yīng)采用逆向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式。三是倒伏角大于60度，均應(yīng)采用順向收獲或側(cè)向收獲方式，選用全喂入機型還應(yīng)加裝“扶倒器”同時更換“防倒伏彈齒”，并調(diào)整撥禾輪與割刀的相對位置，調(diào)整彈齒角度后傾，將割臺降至適宜高度。
 
　　三、選擇適宜收獲期。適期收獲可增加粒重、減少損失、提高產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。作業(yè)前，應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確判斷確定適收期，過早或過遲收獲會增加損失率和破碎率。如遇自然災(zāi)害等特殊情況，可適當(dāng)提前收獲。
 
　　四、選擇作業(yè)方式。下地前，仔細(xì)觀察水稻倒伏程度，針對性地采取作業(yè)方式。一是提前規(guī)劃行走路線。水稻收獲作業(yè)一般采用向心回轉(zhuǎn)法，作業(yè)前，提前查看地塊，對地塊中的溝渠、田埂、通道等予以平整，并將水井、墳頭、電桿拉線、樹樁等不明顯障礙進(jìn)行標(biāo)記，據(jù)此合理規(guī)劃路線，科學(xué)避讓。作業(yè)時，如有必要，可提前開出收割道。二是合理控制作業(yè)速度。根據(jù)機型特點、水稻產(chǎn)量、植株密度、自然高度、干濕程度、留茬高度等因素選擇合理的作業(yè)速度。當(dāng)作物密、植株大、產(chǎn)量高、地塊起伏不平、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時，應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度。一般先低速收獲，然后逐步提高至正常作業(yè)速度。嚴(yán)禁使用行走擋位進(jìn)行收獲作業(yè)，低速行駛作業(yè)時，不能降低發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速。三是科學(xué)規(guī)范駕駛操作。作業(yè)時，通過調(diào)整作業(yè)速度和幅寬實時控制喂入量，使機具在額定負(fù)荷下工作，降低夾帶損失，避免發(fā)生堵塞故障。注意幅寬銜接，避免相鄰兩個作業(yè)帶之間出現(xiàn)漏收損失。地頭轉(zhuǎn)彎時，應(yīng)停止作業(yè)，采用倒車法轉(zhuǎn)彎或兜圈法直角轉(zhuǎn)彎，直線行駛后再開始作業(yè)。注意地頭、邊角和障礙物附近作物收獲情況，做到應(yīng)收盡收，減少損失。
 
　　五、及時烘干和收儲。收獲后的水稻稻谷含水率如未達(dá)到儲藏要求，應(yīng)及時烘干。烘干作業(yè)應(yīng)遵循就近原則，提前聯(lián)系烘干地點，統(tǒng)籌安排，合理拉運，隨收隨烘，避免濕糧長時間堆放。水稻宜采用低溫烘干，可選用循環(huán)式或連續(xù)式烘干機。烘干前，應(yīng)進(jìn)行初清，達(dá)到含雜率≤2%且不得有長莖稈、麻袋繩、塑料薄膜等雜物的要求。應(yīng)測定谷物初始含水率，同一批烘干的谷物水分不均度應(yīng)≤3%。烘干時，水稻籽粒溫度一般不超過40℃，最高不超過43℃，應(yīng)控制干燥速率不大于1.5%/h，防止爆腰率增大。烘干后，谷物色澤氣味應(yīng)無明顯變化，無熱損傷粒、焦糊粒。

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