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寧夏農(nóng)機推廣站制定過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引
2024-10-11
08:35:02
來源:寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣站/技術(shù)推廣科 閱讀量:19533
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導(dǎo)讀:寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣站制定過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引,加強技術(shù)指導(dǎo)與服務(wù)。
【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當前,寧夏水稻機械化收獲已進入關(guān)鍵時期,為有效應(yīng)對連續(xù)降雨災(zāi)害對水稻收獲造成的影響,積極解決過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲問題,寧夏農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)推廣站制定過濕地塊水稻機械化收獲減損技術(shù)指引,加強技術(shù)指導(dǎo)與服務(wù)。
一、排出地塊積水。機械化收獲前,應(yīng)盡力減少地塊積水量,為機具進田作業(yè)創(chuàng)造良好條件。一是對于田間積水嚴重的地塊,應(yīng)采用排灌設(shè)備及時抽排積水。二是對于無法用設(shè)備抽排的積水地塊,應(yīng)疏通溝渠排水,開挖深溝瀝水。三是積水地塊抽排水時,做到排水一塊搶收一塊。四是對于過濕地塊不需要早收搶收的水稻品種,盡量等濕氣有所消退后再進行收獲。
二、選擇
收獲機具。機械下地作業(yè)前,應(yīng)仔細觀察地塊泥濘程度或積水情況,科學(xué)選擇收獲機具。一是對于長時間浸水且呈泥濘狀態(tài)(土壤含水量飽和)的農(nóng)田,輪式聯(lián)合收獲機作業(yè)時易發(fā)生陷機和破壞耕層土壤結(jié)構(gòu),優(yōu)先選用履帶式聯(lián)合收獲機,可有效減少接地壓力,對過濕地塊適應(yīng)性好,也可更早開展作業(yè)。二是如無履帶式聯(lián)合收獲機,亦可將輪式聯(lián)合收獲機改造為半履帶式行走(將驅(qū)動輪更換為三角履帶),或加裝一對驅(qū)動輪胎,增加接地面積。
三、調(diào)整和改造機具。在較為泥濘的濕田中收獲潮濕水稻時,可通過調(diào)整改造履帶式水稻收獲機部件位置及參數(shù)進行作業(yè)。一是調(diào)整
撥禾輪位置。調(diào)整原則是以撥禾輪不帶回割下作物為準,降低撥禾輪高度,能較好地扶持作物切割,撥禾輪前后位置要調(diào)整到切割器正上方位置,能將割下作物均勻鋪放在割臺上。二是調(diào)整滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速和間隙。籽粒水分相對大時,滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速相應(yīng)調(diào)整高些和間隙調(diào)整小些。在保證脫谷物凈率的基礎(chǔ)上,以減少破碎率和糙米率。三是調(diào)整篩子開度和風量。水分相對大時,篩子開度要調(diào)整大些。風量大小應(yīng)使短莖稈和穎殼處于漂浮狀態(tài)為佳,脫出物在風扇和篩箱的作用下,短莖稈通過穎殼篩落到機外,穎殼被吹出,清潔的籽粒通過滑板進入糧食攪龍。四是采用履帶式聯(lián)合收獲機械作業(yè)時,應(yīng)根據(jù)地塊情況對履帶張緊程度進行調(diào)整,泥濘地塊適當調(diào)緊一些,干燥地塊適當調(diào)松,以提高機具通過能力、減少履帶磨損。
四、選擇作業(yè)方式。作業(yè)前,仔細觀察水稻地塊泥濘程度,針對性地采取作業(yè)措施。一是降低作業(yè)速度和拔禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速。撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速要與作業(yè)速度相匹配,撥禾輪的轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)比
收割機的收割速度快大約10%。收獲潮濕水稻時,要調(diào)低作業(yè)速度與撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速,減少拔禾輪打擊次數(shù),降低掉粒損失。二是控制喂入量。要減小喂入量,保證割下作物均勻喂入,不超過收割機脫谷負荷。三是及時清理凹板篩、振動篩、割刀和喂入筒入口的秸稈屑及泥土,保證通透干凈,沒有雜物,避免發(fā)生堵塞。四是收獲作業(yè)同步開展秸稈還田作業(yè)時,應(yīng)注意觀察秸稈還田作業(yè)質(zhì)量,如不滿足生產(chǎn)需求可適時開展二次秸稈還田作業(yè)。
五、及時烘干和收儲。收獲后的水稻稻谷含水率如未達到儲藏要求,應(yīng)及時烘干。烘干作業(yè)應(yīng)遵循就近原則,提前聯(lián)系烘干地點,統(tǒng)籌安排,合理拉運,隨收隨烘,避免濕糧長時間堆放。水稻宜采用低溫烘干,可選用循環(huán)式或連續(xù)式烘干機。烘干前,應(yīng)進行初清,達到含雜率≤2%且不得有長莖稈、麻袋繩、塑料薄膜等雜物的要求。應(yīng)測定谷物初始含水率,同一批烘干的谷物水分不均度應(yīng)≤3%。烘干時,水稻籽粒溫度一般不超過40℃,最高不超過43℃,應(yīng)控制干燥速率不大于1.5%/h,防止爆腰率增大。烘干后,谷物色澤氣味應(yīng)無明顯變化,無熱損傷粒、焦糊粒。
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