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2024年秋冬季設(shè)施黃瓜科學(xué)施肥指導(dǎo)意見

2024-10-15 08:36:36 來源：全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：8002 評論

導(dǎo)讀：合理施用有機肥，提倡施用優(yōu)質(zhì)有機肥(推薦用植物源有機肥)，老菜棚注意多施高碳氮比外源秸稈或有機肥，少施禽糞肥。


 
　　施肥原則
 
　　針對其生產(chǎn)中存在的過量灌溉和施肥，施肥比例不合理，施用的有機肥多以畜禽糞為主導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)分比例失調(diào)和土壤生物活性降低，以及連作障礙等導(dǎo)致土壤質(zhì)量退化嚴(yán)重，養(yǎng)分吸收效率下降，蔬菜品質(zhì)下降等問題，提出以下施肥原則：
 
　　1、合理施用有機肥，提倡施用優(yōu)質(zhì)有機肥(推薦用植物源有機肥)，老菜棚注意多施高碳氮比外源秸稈或有機肥，少施禽糞肥。
 
　　2、根據(jù)作物產(chǎn)量、茬口及土壤肥力條件，綜合考慮有機肥施用量、土壤養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)，適當(dāng)調(diào)整氮磷鉀化肥用量。
 
　　3、推薦采用水肥一體化技術(shù)，遵循“少量多次”的灌溉施肥原則。
 
　　4、根據(jù)不同生育期養(yǎng)分需求，氮肥和鉀肥主要作追肥，少量多次施用，避免追施磷含量高的復(fù)合肥，苗期不宜頻繁追肥，重視結(jié)瓜期追肥。
 
　　5、土壤酸化嚴(yán)重時應(yīng)適量施用石灰等酸性土壤調(diào)理劑。
 
　　6、施肥與高產(chǎn)栽培結(jié)合，選育高產(chǎn)耐密品種，提高育苗質(zhì)量，采用合理種植密度，選擇適宜播期/移栽期。
 
　　施肥建議
 
　　1、基肥施用充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥3—4方/畝，或者優(yōu)質(zhì)商品有機肥(含生物有機肥)300—400公斤/畝，推薦施用高碳/磷比的商品有機肥。
 
　　2、產(chǎn)量水平14000—16000公斤/畝，氮肥(N)32—36公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)12—14公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)33—38公斤/畝。
 
　　3、產(chǎn)量水平11000—14000公斤/畝，氮肥(N)27—32公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)10—12公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)28—33公斤/畝。
 
　　4、產(chǎn)量水平7000—11000公斤/畝，氮肥(N)22—27公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)9—11公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)23—28公斤/畝。
 
　　5、產(chǎn)量水平4000—7000公斤/畝，氮肥(N)17—22公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)7—9公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)18—33公斤/畝。
 
　　6、全部有機肥作基肥施用，60%以上的磷肥、20%—30%氮鉀肥作基肥施用，施肥方式為條(穴)施，其余氮鉀肥在初花期和結(jié)瓜期按養(yǎng)分需求分6—8次追施，其余的磷肥隨氮鉀肥追施，每次追施氮肥用量不超過5公斤/畝。秋冬茬和冬春茬的氮鉀肥在初花期和結(jié)瓜期分6—7次追肥，越冬長茬的氮鉀肥在初花期和結(jié)瓜期分8—11次追肥。雨水充沛的區(qū)域，提倡施用含脲酶抑制劑、硝化抑制劑的氮肥。在低溫、寡照等極端環(huán)境下，可施用含氨基酸、黃腐酸、海藻酸等功能性物質(zhì)的肥料，促根同時增強作物抗逆性。如果采用滴灌施肥技術(shù)，可減少20%左右的化肥施用量，采取少量多次的原則，灌溉施肥次數(shù)在15次左右。
 
　　7、適當(dāng)補充鈣、鎂、硼肥?？苫┦?鈣肥)50—75公斤/畝、無水硫酸鎂(鎂肥)4—6公斤/畝。在開花期至盛果期葉面噴施2—3次0.1%硼肥水溶液、2—4次螯合態(tài)鈣肥和硫酸鎂肥。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科學(xué)施肥專家指導(dǎo)組

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