2025年冬油菜春季田間管理技術(shù)意見

2025-02-20 09:21:50 來源：全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：9530 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 “雨水”將至，西南地區(qū)油菜已進(jìn)入開花期，長江中游地區(qū)油菜已進(jìn)入蕾薹期，長江下游地區(qū)油菜處于苗期，正是春季田管的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。去冬以來，油菜主產(chǎn)區(qū)溫光好、降水少，氣象條件總體有利于油菜生長。根據(jù)目前在田油菜長勢(shì)和氣象條件，各地要突出防范“倒春寒”和菌核病等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，著力落實(shí)“清理三溝，分類追肥，防旱防凍，病蟲防治，一促四防”等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，全力夯實(shí)夏收油菜豐收基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　清理三溝
 
　　水旱輪作油菜區(qū)，應(yīng)及時(shí)清理廂溝、腰溝、圍溝，保持“三溝”暢通，做到外排水溝和“三溝”相連相通，明水能排，暗水能濾，防范雨雪導(dǎo)致的漬害影響。可結(jié)合追施薹肥、清理三溝，壅根培土，保溫保肥防寒。
 
　　分類追肥
 
　　薹肥是確?；ㄆ凇⒔枪诘租浽毓?yīng)充足的關(guān)鍵。追施速效肥可以快速滿足分枝生長的養(yǎng)分供給，打牢單株角果數(shù)和千粒重基礎(chǔ)，提高抗寒性和抗倒性。對(duì)發(fā)生干旱的田塊，江蘇、安徽等下游稻油輪作遲播區(qū)和江西、湖南等稻稻油輪作區(qū)油菜，及早追施薹肥，適當(dāng)增施鉀肥，促進(jìn)油菜春發(fā)生長，增加單株干物質(zhì)積累。酸性土壤產(chǎn)區(qū)，應(yīng)增施硼肥和鈣鎂，防范花而不實(shí)和缺鈣萎縮。
 
　　防旱防凍
 
　　對(duì)發(fā)生干旱的地區(qū)，要在降溫之前及時(shí)灌溉半溝水或跑馬水抗旱，增加抗凍能力，防范旱寒疊加影響。采用葉面噴施赤霉素•蕓薹素內(nèi)酯、胺鮮酯、新美洲星、黃腐酸等植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，提高油菜防寒抗旱能力。
 
　　病蟲防控
 
　　做好病蟲情監(jiān)測(cè)和統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治工作，霜霉病、病毒病、白斑病和蚜蟲等發(fā)生較重地區(qū)，堅(jiān)持治早治小、綜合防控原則，可噴施多菌靈、烯酰嗎啉等廣譜殺菌劑防治霜霉病和白斑病，噴施噻蟲嗪、聯(lián)苯•噻蟲胺等進(jìn)行防治蚜蟲和病毒病。江西等去年黑斑病嚴(yán)重地區(qū)，應(yīng)在角果期用福美雙或百菌清進(jìn)行防治。建議采用植保無人機(jī)實(shí)行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，以提高防治效果、降低防治成本。
 
　　一促四防
 
　　主產(chǎn)區(qū)應(yīng)在花期適時(shí)開展一促四防，并根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際情況合理安排施藥時(shí)間、次數(shù)及配方。在菌核病輕度和中度發(fā)生區(qū)域，建議開花始盛期(田間有50%以上的植株開花)防治一次；在菌核病重發(fā)區(qū)域，建議初花期和盛花期各防治一次，兩次之間間隔7—10天。去年菌核病嚴(yán)重地區(qū)推薦采用氟唑菌酰羥胺•咪鮮胺、異菌•氟啶胺、啶酰菌胺、丙硫菌唑等新型藥劑，一般地區(qū)可采用菌核凈、咪鮮胺、腐霉利等常規(guī)殺菌劑，并與水溶性硼肥混合溶解后噴施。

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