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殘膜回收治理農(nóng)田“白色污染”

2018-11-19 17:37:20 來源：中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：33580 評論

導讀：地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)在上世紀70年代被引入中國，主要是指將透明的塑料薄膜覆蓋地面，在膜下播種并保護農(nóng)作物幼苗生長，待氣溫轉(zhuǎn)暖后揭開薄膜，使幼苗轉(zhuǎn)入正常氣候條件下生長。這項技術(shù)有著良好的控溫保墑作用，我國覆膜栽培從冷涼地區(qū)發(fā)展到城郊平原，從果蔬作物擴大到糧棉作物，顯著提高了勞動效率，農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)效益高。

　　【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】地膜覆蓋栽培技術(shù)在上世紀70年代被引入中國，主要是指將透明的塑料薄膜覆蓋地面，在膜下播種并保護農(nóng)作物幼苗生長，待氣溫轉(zhuǎn)暖后揭開薄膜，使幼苗轉(zhuǎn)入正常氣候條件下生長。這項技術(shù)有著良好的控溫保墑作用，我國覆膜栽培從冷涼地區(qū)發(fā)展到城郊平原，從果蔬作物擴大到糧棉作物，顯著提高了勞動效率，農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)效益高。
 
　　20世紀90年代我國農(nóng)作物覆膜栽培面積達6000多萬畝，特別是在高寒冷涼地區(qū)，增產(chǎn)效果更為顯著，被譽為山區(qū)脫貧致富的“溫飽工程”。但是大量農(nóng)田地膜的使用，也帶來了嚴重危害。首先，土壤環(huán)境污染嚴重，地膜降解產(chǎn)生有害物質(zhì)的同時降低了土壤含水量，削弱抗旱能力，引起次生鹽漬化，造成土壤板結(jié)且肥力下降并直接影響土壤供應(yīng)作物水分、養(yǎng)分能力；其次，地膜的使用還降低種子發(fā)芽率、影響作物生長發(fā)育，導致減產(chǎn)；再次，殘膜隨意堆放、散落在田頭、房前等地方，嚴重影響村容村貌，污染農(nóng)村環(huán)境，造成嚴重的“白色污染”。
 
　　新疆：全國殘膜污染綜合治理技術(shù)現(xiàn)場會舉行
 
　　日前，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部聯(lián)合中國工程院、科技部在新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)阿拉爾市召開全國殘膜污染綜合治理技術(shù)現(xiàn)場會，探索交流農(nóng)田殘膜污染防治技術(shù)與經(jīng)驗，進一步推動農(nóng)膜回收行動。
 
　　會議研究討論了我國殘膜污染治理情況及關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究進展，強調(diào)要進一步強化技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，提升農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理技術(shù)和裝備化水平，持續(xù)推進我國農(nóng)田殘膜污染治理工作。會議還指出，殘膜回收機具是保障地膜回收利用的重要手段，各級農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部門要強化成果轉(zhuǎn)化推廣，加強聯(lián)合協(xié)作，推動熟化技術(shù)產(chǎn)品落地，形成系統(tǒng)性的農(nóng)膜回收利用解決方案，為治理農(nóng)田“白色污染”插上科技的翅膀。
 
　　會議期間，代表們觀摩了板式秸稈粉碎地膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機、秸稈還田殘膜回收聯(lián)合作業(yè)機、鏈齒耙式耕層殘膜回收機等作業(yè)情況，一些機具當季地膜回收率可達85%以上。
 
　　四川省南充市：力爭2020年全市廢舊農(nóng)膜回收利用率達到81%
 
　　2017年以來，由南市農(nóng)技站牽頭開展的農(nóng)膜科學使用及回收利用工作，通過大力推進農(nóng)膜科學使用，強力促進農(nóng)膜回收利用，盡力防治農(nóng)膜殘留污染，有效減輕了農(nóng)膜危害，明顯修復了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)。
 
　　農(nóng)膜回收相關(guān)措施到位，加強行政推動、加強示范建設(shè)、加強檢查督促、加強信息報送。自措施實施以來，殘膜回收工作卓有成效。農(nóng)膜使用有效減量，今年以來全市實現(xiàn)農(nóng)膜覆蓋面積降低到126.73萬畝，使用量減少至1.18萬噸，較上年減少0.02萬噸；農(nóng)膜推廣科學合理，全市0.01毫米以上農(nóng)膜使用率達到81.7%，推廣科學覆膜技術(shù)57.6萬畝，應(yīng)用覆膜替代技術(shù)28.7萬畝；農(nóng)膜回收逐步強化，全市現(xiàn)已成功引進農(nóng)膜回收企業(yè)4個，建立完善農(nóng)膜回收網(wǎng)點1841個，回收利用農(nóng)膜0.92萬噸，較上年增加0.01萬噸，回收利用率提高1%，達到78%。
 
　　當?shù)剡x擇了一批基礎(chǔ)條件好，思想意識高的專業(yè)農(nóng)膜回收站，在全市建立起了15個農(nóng)膜回收示范站點，樹立起了一批典型，形成示范機制；通過農(nóng)戶座談交流、業(yè)主培訓教育、新聞媒體宣傳多樣化的宣傳教育模式，提高了全民農(nóng)膜回收環(huán)保意識，形成意識機制；制定了《南充市農(nóng)膜回收利用十三五規(guī)劃》，對農(nóng)膜回收利用下個五年計劃目標任務(wù)、工作舉措、組織保障等工作做了詳盡的規(guī)劃和安排，形成了長效機制。力爭南充市每年將廢舊農(nóng)膜回收利用率提高2個百分點，到2020年全市廢舊農(nóng)膜回收利用率達到81%。
 
　　青海省大通縣：將殘膜回收作為改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境的著力點
 
　　近年來，大通縣持續(xù)加大農(nóng)田殘膜回收工作落實。自開展農(nóng)田殘膜回收工作以來，大通縣全膜馬鈴薯推廣面積累計達47萬畝，使用地膜3290噸，已累計回收殘膜2830噸，回收率達86%，達到省項目回收殘膜75%-80%的要求，投入回收資金423.98萬元。
 
　　為減少農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染，改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境，大通縣建立了農(nóng)膜供貨企業(yè)回收機制，按照“誰供膜誰回收，誰種植誰撿拾”的原則，進行殘膜回收。同時，充分利用農(nóng)村現(xiàn)有的再生資源回收網(wǎng)絡(luò)，建立布局合理的殘膜回收網(wǎng)點，堅持市場化運作，鼓勵扶持新型經(jīng)營主體、能人大戶等經(jīng)紀人在農(nóng)村開展殘膜收購，通過經(jīng)紀人帶動，引導和動員農(nóng)民清理殘膜。
 
　　目前，大通縣農(nóng)田殘膜回收工作以縣農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣中心基層農(nóng)技區(qū)域站為單位，全力指導和配合全縣20個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的殘膜回收工作。為加強管理，便利農(nóng)田殘膜收集、儲藏及交運等工作，培養(yǎng)扶持殘膜回收經(jīng)紀人4個，各服務(wù)5個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的殘膜回收工作，有效提升了殘膜工作回收效率和質(zhì)量，進一步改善了農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，部分資料來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部新聞辦公室、四川省農(nóng)業(yè)廳、青海新聞網(wǎng)，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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