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《農(nóng)用薄膜管理辦法》9月1日起實(shí)施,“白色污染”該何去何從?

2020-07-31 16:56:38 來(lái)源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:49183 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:2020年7月初,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部會(huì)同工業(yè)和信息化部、生態(tài)環(huán)境部和市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管總局依據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律法規(guī),結(jié)合實(shí)際情況,出臺(tái)了《農(nóng)用薄膜管理辦法》,并將于2020年9月1日起施行。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 農(nóng)用薄膜是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料,我國(guó)是農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó),對(duì)農(nóng)膜的需求量十分巨大,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)每年使用量都在數(shù)百萬(wàn)噸,相當(dāng)于歐美各國(guó)與日本農(nóng)用地膜使用量的總和。隨著農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化步伐的不斷加快,農(nóng)膜的使用量也在逐年增加。而長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)的“重使用、輕回收”導(dǎo)致農(nóng)田“白色污染”越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重,已經(jīng)給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和環(huán)境帶來(lái)一系列危害,成為制約農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的突出環(huán)境問(wèn)題。

  黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院高度重視農(nóng)用薄膜污染治理工作,對(duì)建立健全農(nóng)用薄膜管理制度提出了明確要求。2019年1月1日起施行的《中華人民共和國(guó)土壤污染防治法》第三十條明確規(guī)定,農(nóng)業(yè)投入品生產(chǎn)者、銷售者和使用者應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)回收農(nóng)用薄膜,具體辦法由國(guó)務(wù)院農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門會(huì)同國(guó)務(wù)院生態(tài)環(huán)境等主管部門制定。就在2020年7月初,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部會(huì)同工業(yè)和信息化部、生態(tài)環(huán)境部和市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管總局依據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律法規(guī),結(jié)合實(shí)際情況,出臺(tái)了《農(nóng)用薄膜管理辦法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《辦法》),并將于2020年9月1日起施行。
 
  農(nóng)用薄膜生產(chǎn)、銷售、使用者都應(yīng)該怎么做?
 
  《辦法》對(duì)生產(chǎn)者、銷售者、使用者在相關(guān)環(huán)節(jié)的行為作出了明確規(guī)定:生產(chǎn)者應(yīng)當(dāng)執(zhí)行農(nóng)用薄膜相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在產(chǎn)品上添加企業(yè)標(biāo)識(shí),標(biāo)明推薦使用時(shí)間,建立出廠銷售記錄制度;銷售者應(yīng)當(dāng)依法查驗(yàn)農(nóng)用薄膜產(chǎn)品的包裝、標(biāo)簽、質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)合格證,不得采購(gòu)和銷售未達(dá)到強(qiáng)制性國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的農(nóng)用薄膜,不得將非農(nóng)用薄膜銷售給農(nóng)用薄膜使用者,依法建立銷售臺(tái)賬;使用者應(yīng)當(dāng)按照產(chǎn)品標(biāo)簽標(biāo)注的期限使用農(nóng)用薄膜,生產(chǎn)企業(yè)、專業(yè)合作社等使用者應(yīng)當(dāng)依法建立農(nóng)用薄膜使用記錄。同時(shí),使用者應(yīng)當(dāng)在使用期限到期前撿拾田間的非全生物降解農(nóng)用薄膜廢棄物,交至回收網(wǎng)點(diǎn)或回收工作者,不得隨意棄置、掩埋或者焚燒。
 
  各地方政府、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門該履行哪些職責(zé)?
 
  《辦法》規(guī)定,地方各級(jí)人民政府依法對(duì)本行政區(qū)域農(nóng)用薄膜污染防治負(fù)責(zé),組織、協(xié)調(diào)、督促有關(guān)部門依法履行農(nóng)用薄膜污染防治監(jiān)督管理職責(zé)。縣級(jí)以上人民政府農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)用薄膜使用、回收監(jiān)督管理工作,為農(nóng)用薄膜使用者提供技術(shù)指導(dǎo)和服務(wù),指導(dǎo)農(nóng)用薄膜回收利用體系建設(shè),建立農(nóng)用薄膜殘留監(jiān)測(cè)制度;縣級(jí)以上人民政府工業(yè)和信息化主管部門負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)用薄膜生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)工作,督促生產(chǎn)者依法依規(guī)執(zhí)行好相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);縣級(jí)以上人民政府市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管部門負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)用薄膜產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)督管理工作,建立農(nóng)用薄膜市場(chǎng)監(jiān)管制度,定期開(kāi)展農(nóng)用薄膜質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢查;縣級(jí)以上生態(tài)環(huán)境部門負(fù)責(zé)農(nóng)用薄膜回收、再利用過(guò)程環(huán)境污染防治的監(jiān)督管理工作。
 
  其實(shí),在《辦法》出臺(tái)之前,部分省份已經(jīng)從不同角度采取多種辦法開(kāi)始了農(nóng)田“白色污染”治理之路:
 
  新疆作為全國(guó)農(nóng)用薄膜使用面積大的地區(qū),在這方面下了不少“功夫”,也取得了不少成效。早在2016年,新疆就出臺(tái)了《新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)農(nóng)田地膜管理?xiàng)l例》,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的超薄膜實(shí)行嚴(yán)格管控,并對(duì)生產(chǎn)、銷售、使用不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田地膜的生產(chǎn)者、銷售者和使用者明確處罰標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同時(shí)細(xì)化了行政主管部門責(zé)任,從法律層面為防治廢舊農(nóng)田地膜污染提供了支撐。在2018年,新疆地膜回收率就突破了60%;
 
  浙江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳去年8月印發(fā)《關(guān)于加快推進(jìn)廢舊農(nóng)膜回收處理工作的意見(jiàn)》,明確回收方面,按照“誰(shuí)使用、誰(shuí)回收”的原則,使用者是廢舊農(nóng)膜歸集回收的責(zé)任主體,應(yīng)將廢棄農(nóng)膜及時(shí)撿拾歸集、定點(diǎn)堆放,不得棄留在土壤中或者隨意丟棄。對(duì)于無(wú)利用價(jià)值的廢舊農(nóng)膜,由使用者負(fù)責(zé)歸集整理、清運(yùn)至當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村生活垃圾回收點(diǎn)或廢舊農(nóng)膜回收站點(diǎn)。村民委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)督促使用者撿拾、歸集廢舊農(nóng)膜;處理方面,供銷部門要發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢(shì),積極與鄉(xiāng)村銜接,合理設(shè)置回收站點(diǎn),開(kāi)展廢舊農(nóng)膜的專業(yè)化回收與資源化利用。無(wú)利用價(jià)值的廢舊農(nóng)膜納入農(nóng)村生活垃圾處理體系,由農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村、住房建設(shè)部門會(huì)同生態(tài)環(huán)境部門,落實(shí)末端處理設(shè)施,進(jìn)行無(wú)害化處理;
 
  甘肅省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳今年2月下發(fā)通知,要求各地務(wù)必清醒認(rèn)識(shí)當(dāng)前廢舊農(nóng)膜回收利用工作形勢(shì)的特殊性、嚴(yán)峻性和緊迫性,切實(shí)抓好廢舊農(nóng)膜回收利用工作,確保完成農(nóng)膜回收三年行動(dòng)目標(biāo),并從組織管理、源頭防控、確保財(cái)政投資效益充分發(fā)揮以及強(qiáng)化宣傳引導(dǎo)等方面作了具體要求;
 
  安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳網(wǎng)站今年5月發(fā)布《關(guān)于地膜回收利用致廣大農(nóng)民朋友的一封信》,闡述了地膜殘留的危害并鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民朋友積極回收殘膜,同時(shí)表示,未按照規(guī)定及時(shí)回收農(nóng)用薄膜是違法行為,造成污染要接受處罰。
 
  農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)需要怎么做?
 
  要治理農(nóng)田“白色污染”,農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)也是重要參與者,尤其是在相關(guān)機(jī)械研發(fā)推廣上。《辦法》中也提出了“鼓勵(lì)研發(fā)、推廣農(nóng)用薄膜回收技術(shù)與機(jī)械,開(kāi)展廢舊農(nóng)用薄膜再利用”。其實(shí),據(jù)筆者所知,農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)中,專門研發(fā)生產(chǎn)殘膜回收機(jī)械的企業(yè)并不多,各大農(nóng)機(jī)展會(huì)上看到的此類機(jī)械也很少了。這說(shuō)明,在治理農(nóng)田“白色污染”上,農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)還需要多發(fā)力,一方面是國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)研發(fā),另一方面,這也是農(nóng)機(jī)市場(chǎng)的一片藍(lán)海,發(fā)展前景可觀。
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