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廣西積極探索甘蔗生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化模式

2019-07-01 09:09:15 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)化司 閱讀量：14842 評論

導(dǎo)讀：近年來，廣西農(nóng)機(jī)化主管部門積極落實四部委《推進(jìn)廣西甘蔗生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化行動方案2017—2020年)》相關(guān)措施要求，推進(jìn)蔗區(qū)“雙高”基地建設(shè)，注重強(qiáng)化農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合、農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)模式與農(nóng)業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營相適應(yīng)，因地制宜探索甘蔗生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化模式，樹立*，典型引路，加大示范推廣力度，為提升全區(qū)甘蔗全程機(jī)械化水平夯實基礎(chǔ)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】近年來，廣西農(nóng)機(jī)化主管部門積極落實四部委《推進(jìn)廣西甘蔗生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化行動方案2017—2020年)》相關(guān)措施要求，推進(jìn)蔗區(qū)“雙高”基地建設(shè)，注重強(qiáng)化農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合、農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)模式與農(nóng)業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營相適應(yīng)，因地制宜探索甘蔗生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化模式，樹立*，典型引路，加大示范推廣力度，為提升全區(qū)甘蔗全程機(jī)械化水平夯實基礎(chǔ)。目前，該區(qū)甘蔗生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化已初步形成了以下幾種模式。
 
　　一、全程機(jī)械化作業(yè)托管模式，化解分散經(jīng)營難題
 
　　針對部分農(nóng)戶不愿意流轉(zhuǎn)土地的現(xiàn)狀，自2018年起廣西扶綏縣農(nóng)機(jī)化主管部門在深入調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上，積極扶持當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)機(jī)合作社發(fā)展，加快提升全程機(jī)械化作業(yè)服務(wù)能力。經(jīng)與農(nóng)戶溝通協(xié)調(diào)，將納入“雙高”基地規(guī)劃片區(qū)蔗地的整地、種植、管理、收獲4個主要生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)委托給農(nóng)機(jī)專業(yè)合作社進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一機(jī)械化作業(yè)。來賓市支持駐村能人組建創(chuàng)辦農(nóng)機(jī)專業(yè)合作社，并與村里農(nóng)戶簽訂托管協(xié)議，將分散的蔗地集中起來統(tǒng)一管理。合作社提供“一條龍”式機(jī)械化作業(yè)服務(wù)，且作業(yè)費由合作社墊付，蔗農(nóng)先期只需承擔(dān)農(nóng)藥、肥料等相關(guān)費用，資金壓力小。這樣在不改變土地經(jīng)營方式的情況下，不需要每個農(nóng)戶購置投入大中型機(jī)具，通過托管模式，也能做到全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)，真正實現(xiàn)了小農(nóng)戶與現(xiàn)代化大機(jī)具的銜接。目前，來賓市已經(jīng)推廣應(yīng)用3萬畝以上，興賓區(qū)鳳凰鎮(zhèn)黃安村采用該模式已建成核心區(qū)6700畝。
 
　　二、“機(jī)收集運”一體化模式，破解“機(jī)等車”難關(guān)
 
　　受國內(nèi)蔗糖生產(chǎn)體制影響，因糖料蔗進(jìn)廠運輸物流體系不適應(yīng)等問題，甘蔗收獲過程中大型收獲機(jī)常常出現(xiàn)“停工待運”。如何提高運輸效率讓大型甘蔗聯(lián)合收割機(jī)連續(xù)作業(yè)，充分發(fā)揮作業(yè)效率，已經(jīng)成為制約甘蔗機(jī)收的一道難關(guān)。2017—2018榨季，在當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)機(jī)化主管部門指導(dǎo)下，扶綏縣品信農(nóng)機(jī)專業(yè)合作社購置相應(yīng)的運輸車輛，采用1臺聯(lián)合收割機(jī)配1臺運輸車輛，且1臺運輸車輛配帶4個運輸掛車的方式，探索形成了“機(jī)收集運”模式，可實現(xiàn)不間斷往糖廠運輸機(jī)收甘蔗。該模式主要是通過提高機(jī)收運輸效率來提高收獲機(jī)的作業(yè)量，使管理成本可以得到有效分?jǐn)?，在降低收獲機(jī)運營成本，確保經(jīng)營效益的前提下，還可以進(jìn)一步降低機(jī)收服務(wù)市場價格，降低甘蔗生產(chǎn)成本。目前，該縣匯豐、品信、速銳、雷達(dá)等多個農(nóng)機(jī)專業(yè)合作社正應(yīng)用此模式。
 
　　三、“現(xiàn)代農(nóng)場”經(jīng)營管理模式，提升大型機(jī)具效率
 
　　廣西目前用于甘蔗生產(chǎn)的大型機(jī)械保有量相對較少，主要原因是大型機(jī)械價格高周期長、農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合度不夠、經(jīng)營管理經(jīng)驗不足、機(jī)械作業(yè)效率難以真正發(fā)揮等。廣西南寧東亞糖業(yè)集團(tuán)通過借鑒國外先進(jìn)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗，經(jīng)過幾年的探索，形成了“現(xiàn)代農(nóng)場”經(jīng)營管理模式。該模式以制糖企業(yè)為主導(dǎo)，在適合大型機(jī)具作業(yè)的片區(qū)建立“現(xiàn)代農(nóng)場”，企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)和資金扶持，種植大戶負(fù)責(zé)經(jīng)營。制糖企業(yè)通過設(shè)備預(yù)付、購機(jī)貼息、關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)作業(yè)補(bǔ)貼等資金支持方式，扶持種植大戶、農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)服務(wù)隊，在蔗區(qū)內(nèi)組織開展機(jī)械作業(yè)。在甘蔗生產(chǎn)過程中，制糖企業(yè)聘請專家建立專業(yè)技術(shù)服務(wù)團(tuán)隊，開展質(zhì)量跟蹤和技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。甘蔗生產(chǎn)耕、種、管、收各作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)均采用大型機(jī)械實現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化作業(yè)，“現(xiàn)代農(nóng)場”甘蔗產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定，其作業(yè)成本大幅降低。2018年，廣西南寧東亞糖業(yè)集團(tuán)通過“現(xiàn)代農(nóng)場”模式在崇左市創(chuàng)建全程機(jī)械化甘蔗生產(chǎn)示范點達(dá)到6個，核心區(qū)示范面積達(dá)到了25000畝，輻射面積20萬畝。核心區(qū)甘蔗產(chǎn)量平均達(dá)到6噸/畝以上，蔗農(nóng)效益131元/噸以上，比傳統(tǒng)種植增收45元/噸以上。
 
　　四、土地流轉(zhuǎn)糖企轉(zhuǎn)包經(jīng)營模式，以規(guī)?；贆C(jī)械化
 
　　近年來，甘蔗種植成本居高不下，且勞動力不足，種蔗收益下降，穩(wěn)定種植面積難度加大，為此，部分制糖企業(yè)向蔗區(qū)內(nèi)蔗農(nóng)租賃土地，再轉(zhuǎn)包給第三方種植戶(種植公司、合作社、種植大戶、企業(yè)內(nèi)部富余人員等)種甘蔗，想方設(shè)法穩(wěn)定“車間”，并以規(guī)?；龠M(jìn)機(jī)械化。制糖企業(yè)、農(nóng)戶和第三方種植戶均簽訂具體的意向書及協(xié)議，明確職責(zé)、權(quán)利及經(jīng)營風(fēng)險等。制糖企業(yè)主要負(fù)責(zé)投入資金，通過機(jī)耕補(bǔ)貼、購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼、墊付租金等形式，扶持種植戶，鼓勵開展機(jī)械化作業(yè)。第三方種植戶對轉(zhuǎn)包的蔗地組織生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理，并承擔(dān)一定經(jīng)營風(fēng)險。此模式制糖企業(yè)獲得蔗地實際經(jīng)營權(quán)，確保了蔗區(qū)面積穩(wěn)定。蔗農(nóng)租金收入風(fēng)險減小。第三方種植戶獲得制糖企業(yè)一定政策支持，資金壓力減小。流轉(zhuǎn)后的蔗地，由制糖企業(yè)或第三方種植戶通過“雙高”基地建設(shè)，將小塊土地整合成面積較大的地塊，實現(xiàn)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營，促進(jìn)了甘蔗生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化。目前，此模式在廣西應(yīng)用面積約25萬畝左右。

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