洪水猛獸還是謙謙君子？資本下鄉(xiāng)到底是富了農(nóng)民還是肥了資本

2019-08-29 17:14:56 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：四夕 閱讀量：45623 評論

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】從轟轟烈烈的勞動力下鄉(xiāng)，再到產(chǎn)能下鄉(xiāng)，如今，無疑是資本下鄉(xiāng)的時代。伴隨著城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進程的進一步加快，我國農(nóng)業(yè)人口顯著下降，農(nóng)村老齡化和“空心化”問題日益凸顯。但是，不可否認的是，不論是從國土面積看還是從人口分布上來看，農(nóng)村地區(qū)和農(nóng)業(yè)人口依然占據(jù)著不可撼動的位置。與此同時，糧食安全的國家戰(zhàn)略地位仍然非常牢固，農(nóng)業(yè)市場需求依然強勁，并且備受政策重視。
 
　　在市場培育、政策紅利以及資本驅(qū)動等因素的推動下，高達萬億的農(nóng)業(yè)市場成功被“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”激活，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與農(nóng)業(yè)實現(xiàn)了深度融合，并且強勢崛起，無數(shù)資本紛紛跨界進入農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。
 
　　巨頭競相布局農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域
 
　　2009年，網(wǎng)易CEO丁磊高調(diào)宣布跨界養(yǎng)殖行業(yè)。而后，攜手美團CEO王興創(chuàng)立品牌“長汀河田飛機”，并于2018年5月7日正式登陸京東和網(wǎng)易考拉平臺。
 
　　2010年，聯(lián)想控股董事長柳傳志宣布開始涉足現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)投資領(lǐng)域。2015年，聯(lián)想控股在農(nóng)業(yè)板塊宣布盈利。
 
　　2012年，劉強東在微博宣布回宿遷老家種大米。2015年初，京東開始在全國建立自營的“縣級服務中心”。同年8月9日，上線“農(nóng)資頻道”，提供種子、農(nóng)藥、化肥、農(nóng)具等產(chǎn)品的電商服務。2017年劉強東的“跑步雞”在京東生鮮上一出現(xiàn)，便處于“秒清”狀態(tài)。同年6月，京東集團與日本三菱化學控股集團簽約，雙方將在水培蔬菜領(lǐng)域展開業(yè)務合作。
 
　　2013年底，阿里巴巴出資千萬人民幣投資生鮮電商易果網(wǎng)。2014年，由阿里巴巴董事局主席馬云聯(lián)合發(fā)起的云鋒基金以及中信產(chǎn)業(yè)投資基金斥資20億參與投資伊利子公司畜牧公司開養(yǎng)奶牛。2014年，阿里巴巴正式推出“千縣萬村”計劃，構(gòu)建農(nóng)村電商服務體系。2018年2月，阿里云與四川特驅(qū)集團、德康集團宣布達成合作，馬云開始“人工智能”養(yǎng)豬。
 
　　……
 
　　華為、碧桂園、蘇寧、順豐、恒大、當當、亞馬遜……越來越多巨頭開始布局農(nóng)村市場，隨著資本的逐漸青睞，似乎已成投資的主力風口。然而，事實卻是，有人風生水起，賺的盆滿缽滿，更多的卻遭遇滑鐵盧，黯然離場，終留下的不過是一地雞毛。畢竟，相對比于其他行業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)投入大、回收慢、周期長、風險大、隱性門檻高，對于門外漢來說想要投資農(nóng)業(yè)這片藍海還是不容易的。
 
　　城鄉(xiāng)中國時代的資本下鄉(xiāng)
 
　　二十世紀四十年代，費孝通先生編寫《鄉(xiāng)土中國》一書，提出中國的基本特征就是“鄉(xiāng)土中國”。“鄉(xiāng)土中國”至少有三個基本內(nèi)涵：是鄉(xiāng)村人口的絕大多數(shù)，第二是農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)的土地粘著，第三是社會生活的終老是鄉(xiāng)。
 
　　而今，鄉(xiāng)村人口已不再占大多數(shù)，據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計局數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年末，我國城鎮(zhèn)常駐人口就已達8.1億；農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)也不再以土地產(chǎn)出為主，而是更加傾向于多元化收入；社會生活的高度流動，越來越多的人不僅僅在空間層面上脫離農(nóng)村社會，在情感認同上也有了變化，“終老是鄉(xiāng)”的觀念愈加薄弱。以上三點變化表明：當前我國已經(jīng)由鄉(xiāng)土中國時代進入城鄉(xiāng)中國時代。
 
　　城鄉(xiāng)中國時代的一個重要變化就是城市與鄉(xiāng)村是相互供給，互有需求的。從產(chǎn)業(yè)形態(tài)上來看，農(nóng)村與城市的三產(chǎn)比重恰好是截然相反的，呈正反金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)。在此情況下，工商資本依靠其特有的商業(yè)敏銳性，看到了農(nóng)村資源的巨大價值。工商資本下鄉(xiāng)通過對農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村的投資，帶動人力、財力、物力以及技術(shù)、理念、管理等各類要素進入農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村，從而推動土地規(guī)劃整治和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、促進土地流轉(zhuǎn)和規(guī)?；?jīng)營、降低農(nóng)業(yè)交易成本、推動技術(shù)應用、促進就業(yè)創(chuàng)業(yè)和農(nóng)民增收、激發(fā)農(nóng)村資源資產(chǎn)要素活力。
 
　　跑馬圈地，擠占農(nóng)民利益
 
　　工商資本下鄉(xiāng)已成浪潮，村級存量資產(chǎn)逐漸盤活，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式隨之改變，一二三產(chǎn)業(yè)不斷有機融合。然而，在逐利性的驅(qū)動下，資本下鄉(xiāng)，跑馬圈地、不事稼穡的現(xiàn)象同樣愈演愈烈。
 
　　一方面，工商資本具有逐利本性，他們與農(nóng)民利益也往往不一致，他們更加看重發(fā)展經(jīng)濟作物、規(guī)模養(yǎng)殖，卻很少看到種植糧食這樣的低利潤作物，長遠來看勢必會威脅到糧食安全。而一些以支農(nóng)為名、行圈地之實的“非糧化”“非農(nóng)化”現(xiàn)象也開始出現(xiàn)，擠占農(nóng)民利益成為常態(tài)。此外，共商資本的炒作，使得土地流轉(zhuǎn)費用逐漸走高，也進一步加大了家庭農(nóng)場、合作社等經(jīng)營主體的成本，農(nóng)民利益反受其害，作為農(nóng)業(yè)基本面的小農(nóng)戶與現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的有機銜接成為空談。
 
　　另一方面，農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展慢、周期長，農(nóng)民普遍擁有本位意識，而資本卻是恰恰相反，他們以逐利為目標，帶有城市強烈短期競爭行為色彩，想以管理工廠和工人的方法來管理農(nóng)民，這在農(nóng)耕文化積淀歷史遠超工業(yè)文明的農(nóng)村可以說是寸步難行。加之，因為土地流轉(zhuǎn)費用走高、經(jīng)營不善等因素，有的項目甚至難以及時兌付地租，終也只能成為“爛尾工程”。
 
　　小結(jié)
 
　　資本下鄉(xiāng)究竟是為了資本找出路還是為了鄉(xiāng)村找出路？事實上，資本逐利天經(jīng)地義，“三農(nóng)”發(fā)展也是大勢所趨，如何協(xié)調(diào)好資本與農(nóng)民之間的利益關(guān)系，引導工商資本有序下鄉(xiāng)才是我們值得思考的問題。
 
　　在引導工商資本下鄉(xiāng)時，既要發(fā)揮工商資本延長產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、提升價值鏈、重組供應鏈的優(yōu)勢，又要通過農(nóng)民再組織化實現(xiàn)政府與市場的有效對接，從而完善利益鏈，推動小農(nóng)戶與現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的有機銜接。

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