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數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢與推進(jìn)路徑

2020-04-03 09:07:39 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部信息中心課題組 閱讀量:22918 評論

導(dǎo)讀:數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的高級階段,是我國由農(nóng)業(yè)大國邁向農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國的必經(jīng)之路。近年來,我國數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展取得了明顯成效,但也面臨著諸多亟待解決的問題。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的高級階段,是我國由農(nóng)業(yè)大國邁向農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國的必經(jīng)之路。近年來,我國數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展取得了明顯成效,但也面臨著諸多亟待解決的問題。對此,需采取有針對性的措施,瞄準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的主攻方向,提供強(qiáng)有力的信息化支撐,為農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供新動能,讓農(nóng)民群眾有更多獲得感、幸福感、安全感。
 
  當(dāng)前,數(shù)字技術(shù)加速向各領(lǐng)域滲透發(fā)展,正在范圍內(nèi)開啟一次具有革命性的數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型。在此進(jìn)程中,我們需主動適應(yīng)潮流,提升數(shù)字化生產(chǎn)力,加快我國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會各領(lǐng)域數(shù)字化發(fā)展步伐,特別是要面向農(nóng)村的廣闊沃土,實(shí)施數(shù)字鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,推動高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。
 
  近年來,我國高度重視數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展?!洞龠M(jìn)大數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)展行動綱要》《數(shù)字鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略綱要》等接連出臺,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部也相繼印發(fā)《“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)三年行動實(shí)施方案》《關(guān)于推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村大數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)展的實(shí)施意見》《“十三五”全國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村信息化發(fā)展規(guī)劃》等,推動數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展落地見效。大力發(fā)展數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè),已經(jīng)成為我國推動鄉(xiāng)村振興、建設(shè)數(shù)字中國的重要組成部分。
 
  發(fā)展數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)正逢其時
 
  當(dāng)前,數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)正呈現(xiàn)出巨大的發(fā)展?jié)摿蛷V闊的應(yīng)用前景。
 
  第一,農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?jié)摿薮?。?jù)第44次中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r統(tǒng)計(jì)報(bào)告,截至2019年6月,我國網(wǎng)民規(guī)模達(dá)8.54億人,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率為61.2%。其中農(nóng)村網(wǎng)民規(guī)模2.25億人,占整體網(wǎng)民的26.3%,農(nóng)村互聯(lián)網(wǎng)仍有很大發(fā)展空間。同時,農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)與制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)以及電力、金融、水利、氣象等行業(yè)和領(lǐng)域相比,還是一片洼地。據(jù)中國信息通信研究院在《中國數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與就業(yè)白皮書(2019年)》中發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù),2018年我國農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)僅占農(nóng)業(yè)增加值的7.3%,遠(yuǎn)低于工業(yè)18.3%、服務(wù)業(yè)35.9%的水平。
 
  第二,數(shù)字技術(shù)加快向農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村滲透融合。新技術(shù)的新應(yīng)用將加速對傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)各領(lǐng)域各環(huán)節(jié)的*、全角度、全鏈條的數(shù)字化改造,提高全要素生產(chǎn)率,釋放數(shù)字技術(shù)對農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的放大、疊加、倍增作用,為農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)社會高質(zhì)量發(fā)展增添新動能。我們推動農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,亦要求全面提升農(nóng)業(yè)綠色化、優(yōu)質(zhì)化、特色化、品牌化水平,加快農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級,不斷提升我國農(nóng)業(yè)的綜合效益和競爭力。數(shù)字技術(shù)對提高土地產(chǎn)出率、勞動生產(chǎn)率、資源利用率的作用正日益凸顯,其在農(nóng)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用推廣也呈現(xiàn)出率先在經(jīng)濟(jì)效益較高的行業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)突破的明顯特征。
 
  第三,農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的必然選擇。農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型是農(nóng)業(yè)綠色可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必然要求,利用傳感實(shí)時在線數(shù)據(jù)和歷史記錄數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建動植物生長模型,實(shí)行精準(zhǔn)化種養(yǎng),可大限度挖掘動植物生長潛力,減少投入,降低成本,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、高效;農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型是保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全的必然要求,利用區(qū)塊鏈、大數(shù)據(jù)、云平臺等提供精準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)、加工、流通各環(huán)節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)信息,可實(shí)現(xiàn)從生產(chǎn)到消費(fèi)全過程的有效監(jiān)管和可追溯,保障農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全;農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型是促進(jìn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)銷精準(zhǔn)對接的必然要求,推動農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)流通各環(huán)節(jié)的數(shù)字化,可提高產(chǎn)需雙方信息獲取效率和處理效率,減少信息不透明、不對稱等影響,降低交易過程中的不確定性,實(shí)現(xiàn)更為精準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)需對接;農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型是解決“誰來種地、怎么種地”的必然選擇,利用大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能,將經(jīng)驗(yàn)、知識和技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)化,可實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化、產(chǎn)業(yè)化、高效化生產(chǎn),降低農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)門檻,有效解決勞動力缺乏、行業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高、生產(chǎn)效益低等問題。
 
  我國數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀
 
  數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)是數(shù)字中國的重要組成部分,是創(chuàng)新推動農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村信息化發(fā)展的有效手段,也是搶占農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化制高點(diǎn)的戰(zhàn)略舉措。近年來,我國推動數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展取得顯著成效,但也面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)。
 
  從數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展取得的成效看:一是農(nóng)村網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)支撐能力明顯增強(qiáng)。據(jù)工信部數(shù)據(jù),2019年我國行政村光纖和4G網(wǎng)絡(luò)通達(dá)比例均已超過98%,提前完成“十三五”規(guī)劃目標(biāo);貧困村的固網(wǎng)寬帶覆蓋率達(dá)99%,實(shí)現(xiàn)了的農(nóng)村網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋。二是數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村建設(shè)快速起步。自2015年實(shí)施“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)行動以來,現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)與農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村呈現(xiàn)全面融合發(fā)展之勢。據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部信息中心發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù),2018年全國縣域數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展總體水平達(dá)到33%,其中農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)數(shù)字化水平為18.6%。三是農(nóng)村電子商務(wù)快速發(fā)展。2018年我國農(nóng)村電商市場規(guī)模達(dá)17050億元,2019年上半年達(dá)到1873.6億元,同比增長25.3%。行政村電子商務(wù)服務(wù)站點(diǎn)覆蓋率達(dá)64%。四是數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)成效初顯。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部已在9個省份開展了農(nóng)業(yè)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)區(qū)域試驗(yàn)示范工程;深入推進(jìn)數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)試點(diǎn),在全國開展了蘋果、大豆、棉花、茶葉、油料、橡膠6個品種的全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈大數(shù)據(jù)建設(shè)試點(diǎn);已批復(fù)建設(shè)數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)試點(diǎn)縣13個;分三批認(rèn)定全國農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村信息化示范基地210個。五是信息進(jìn)村入戶工程已進(jìn)入整省推進(jìn)的新階段。截至2019年11月,已在18個省份整省推進(jìn)信息進(jìn)村入戶工程,共建成運(yùn)營34.6萬個益農(nóng)信息社,累計(jì)培訓(xùn)村級信息員73.7萬人次,為農(nóng)民和新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體提供公益服務(wù)7709萬人次,開展便民服務(wù)2.6億人次,實(shí)現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)交易額254.1億元。
 
  從數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展面臨的挑戰(zhàn)看:一是核心關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研發(fā)滯后。傳感器國產(chǎn)化、精確度、集成度、抗逆性都不高,動植物本體傳感器基本處于空白,尚未研發(fā)出專用智能芯片,也尚未構(gòu)建起動植物生長模型。二是信息數(shù)據(jù)資源共享機(jī)制不健全。政務(wù)信息系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)互通不夠,公共服務(wù)信息化進(jìn)程滯后。部省聯(lián)動、部門協(xié)作、合力推進(jìn)的工作機(jī)制有待強(qiáng)化。全國性和全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈數(shù)據(jù)共享平臺仍未建立。三是利用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)解決農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)中的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題有待加強(qiáng)。生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)的智能裝備研發(fā)滯后,定位系統(tǒng)(GPS)、地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)、遙感(RS)、第五代通信技術(shù)(5G)等技術(shù)的融合集成度低,相關(guān)裝備的易操作性差、價(jià)格高。四是農(nóng)村缺乏高素質(zhì)勞動力,在一定程度上制約了數(shù)字技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。農(nóng)村勞動力文化水平普遍偏低,農(nóng)業(yè)勞動強(qiáng)度大,年輕人不愿意從事農(nóng)業(yè),靠天吃飯的局面尚未根本改變,亟需推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)智能化、經(jīng)營網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、管理數(shù)字化、服務(wù)精準(zhǔn)化。五是財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)保障不足。據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部信息中心監(jiān)測,2018年全國縣域用于農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村信息化建設(shè)的財(cái)政投入,25.2%的縣域低于10萬元,僅有20.0%的縣域在500萬元以上。
 
  更好發(fā)展數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)的路徑與措施
 
  大力發(fā)展數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè),需瞄準(zhǔn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的主攻方向,以創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,讓農(nóng)民群眾有更多獲得感、幸福感、安全感。
 
  第一,建設(shè)國家和省級農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村大數(shù)據(jù)中心。緊緊圍繞農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革、農(nóng)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展等,堅(jiān)持需求導(dǎo)向、問題導(dǎo)向、應(yīng)用導(dǎo)向,加快構(gòu)建天空地一體化的農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字資源體系,抓緊啟動建設(shè)國家農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村大數(shù)據(jù)中心。鼓勵支持各省(區(qū)、市)建設(shè)省級農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村大數(shù)據(jù)中心。加快推進(jìn)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)資源整合,盡快明確涉農(nóng)數(shù)據(jù)權(quán)屬,建立健全市場主體共享數(shù)據(jù)的相關(guān)機(jī)制。特別是對各級財(cái)政支持的各類農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目,立項(xiàng)時可明確數(shù)據(jù)共享義務(wù),驗(yàn)收時亦把數(shù)據(jù)共享作為前置條件。
 
  第二,條塊結(jié)合推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)大數(shù)據(jù)建設(shè)。以重點(diǎn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈為主線建設(shè)“條數(shù)據(jù)”,從蘋果、生豬、大豆等重點(diǎn)品種入手,積極探索單品種全產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈大數(shù)據(jù)建設(shè)的路徑、模式和可持續(xù)發(fā)展機(jī)制;以縣域農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)基地和現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)為單元,在國家農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村地理信息平臺的基礎(chǔ)上建設(shè)“塊數(shù)據(jù)”。條塊結(jié)合,建立健全數(shù)據(jù)采集、分析、應(yīng)用循環(huán)體系。積極探索農(nóng)業(yè)大數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)用場景,與有關(guān)科研單位、大數(shù)據(jù)企業(yè)合作,打造內(nèi)容豐富、模式多樣、載體多元的信息服務(wù)產(chǎn)品。
 
  第三,加快數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和轉(zhuǎn)化。在相關(guān)核心關(guān)鍵技術(shù)攻關(guān)中,要對智慧農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)研發(fā)予以重點(diǎn)支持,加大數(shù)字農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域新技術(shù)新產(chǎn)品新模式的應(yīng)用推廣力度,盡快將農(nóng)業(yè)傳感器、智能裝備等納入農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼。布局建設(shè)一批農(nóng)業(yè)大數(shù)據(jù)試點(diǎn)示范縣和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)示范區(qū),前瞻性探索5G技術(shù)在農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村中的應(yīng)用場景,在全國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全示范縣、一村一品示范村(鎮(zhèn))開展區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)應(yīng)用試點(diǎn),推動科技成果盡快轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力。
 
  第四,培育壯大農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)。把傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的數(shù)字化改造作為農(nóng)業(yè)數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主陣地,打造數(shù)字農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,提高農(nóng)業(yè)附加值。深入挖掘農(nóng)村在推進(jìn)數(shù)字技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化方面的潛力,不斷催生新業(yè)態(tài)新模式。創(chuàng)新發(fā)展農(nóng)村電子商務(wù),加快實(shí)施“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出村進(jìn)城工程,堅(jiān)持以農(nóng)產(chǎn)品電子商務(wù)為重點(diǎn),大力發(fā)展內(nèi)容電商、品質(zhì)電商、社交電商、視頻電商等。
 
  第五,推進(jìn)“三農(nóng)”綜合信息服務(wù)。把政務(wù)、事務(wù)、商務(wù)信息系統(tǒng)資源整合共享作為“牛鼻子”工作,大力發(fā)展以數(shù)據(jù)為關(guān)鍵要素的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)。鼓勵市場主體開發(fā)農(nóng)民愛用、常用、易用、好用的手機(jī)APP,讓手機(jī)盡快成為廣大農(nóng)民的“新農(nóng)具”。深入實(shí)施信息進(jìn)村入戶工程,力爭2020年實(shí)現(xiàn)全國行政村益農(nóng)信息社基本全覆蓋。加快建設(shè)“一門式辦理”“一站式服務(wù)”的農(nóng)業(yè)綜合信息服務(wù)平臺,統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)信息資源整合共享與利用,完善民生保障信息化服務(wù)。
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