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秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術試驗示范工作在遼寧扎實推進

2020-07-16 09:05:32 來源：總站糧作機械處 閱讀量：15726 評論

導讀：為配合東北黑土地保護性耕作行動計劃實施，2020年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械試驗鑒定總站、農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術開發(fā)推廣總站(以下簡稱總站)聯(lián)合遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設工程中心 、開原市一產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展服務中心、開原市慶云堡鎮(zhèn)豐產(chǎn)農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社在遼寧省開原市開展秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術試驗示范工作。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 為配合東北黑土地保護性耕作行動計劃實施，2020年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械試驗鑒定總站、農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術開發(fā)推廣總站(以下簡稱總站)聯(lián)合遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設工程中心 、開原市一產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展服務中心、開原市慶云堡鎮(zhèn)豐產(chǎn)農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社在遼寧省開原市開展秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術試驗示范工作。
 
　　遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設工程中心按照總站《關于開展2020年糧作機械化技術試驗示范工作的通知》《秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術試驗示范工作方案》，成立項目組，進行了部署和安排,明確了工作目標、工作措施和工作責任,做到工作到位,責任到人,確保各項工作任務落到實處。制定試驗對比模式，選定對比機械，對三種不同企業(yè)的不同型號免耕播種機進行了詳細的作業(yè)對比試驗，并邀請中國科學院沈陽應用生態(tài)研究所對示范區(qū)進行了專業(yè)的土壤檢測。
 
　　項目組結合當?shù)胤N植習慣與自然狀況，確定了以秸稈全量覆蓋還田免耕播種為主推技術模式的技術路線及對比試驗和技術監(jiān)測內容。以三臺播種機在示范區(qū)確立五種作業(yè)模式進行作業(yè)對比試驗。
 
　　1.常規(guī)等行距旋耕起壟模式：玉米機收秸稈離田→旋耕起壟→精量播種
 
　　2.秸稈全量還田免耕播種模式：玉米機收秸稈粉碎全量還田→秸稈覆蓋越冬→免耕播種
 
　　3.秸稈部分還田免耕播種模式：玉米機收秸稈離田部分還田→部分秸稈覆蓋越冬→免耕播種
 
　　4.秸稈全量還田集行免耕模式：玉米機收秸稈粉碎全量還田→秸稈集行處理→寬窄行免耕播種
 
　　5.秸稈全量還田條耕模式：玉米機收秸稈粉碎全量還田→條帶旋耕→少耕播種
 
　　項目組先后在播種期、苗期和拔節(jié)期到項目示范基地，對不同模式的作物按要求進行查驗、檢測，并做了詳細記錄與對比。苗期對出苗率和作物長勢進行檢測，做了數(shù)據(jù)對比?，F(xiàn)場講解作物長勢與出苗率的檢測方法，指導并協(xié)助縣級技術人員及合作社成員進行了田間檢測。邀請中國科學院沈陽應用生態(tài)研究所對示范區(qū)進行了專業(yè)的土壤檢測，對土壤容重、含水率、氮磷鉀有機質含量等做了檢測，并作出數(shù)據(jù)對比分析。示范區(qū)采用無人機打藥，進行苗后除草和病蟲害防治作業(yè)。
 
　　試驗跟蹤調查中發(fā)現(xiàn)個別地塊出現(xiàn)缺苗現(xiàn)象，挖開播種帶查驗分析，主要原因為:播種機排種調節(jié)問題；冬季風吹等造成秸稈堆積或厚薄不均等情況，種子無法入土；全量還田秸稈量過大且不夠細碎，播種時秸稈被塞入播種帶，阻礙種子接觸土壤；播種后其它原因使秸稈覆蓋過厚，種芽無法拱出。解決方法：適當進行人工調整覆蓋地表的秸稈厚度，在不動土的情況下，也可對地表秸稈進行二次粉碎處理，確保免耕播種機正常作業(yè)。

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