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冬季蔬菜穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保供機械化生產(chǎn)技術指導意見

2021-11-26 09:02:45 來源:農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化總站經(jīng)作機械處 閱讀量:20961 評論

導讀:風雪災害天氣前,應及時更換溫室大棚內的生銹卡簧和老化的壓膜線,鋼架大棚內可增加支撐柱進行加固,室內頂部加裝暖風筒,

  【農機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】 農業(yè)農村部特色經(jīng)濟作物全程機械化專家指導組蔬菜專業(yè)組、農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)機械化總站提出:
 
  一、設施蔬菜冬季惡劣天氣防災措施
 
  1.風雪災害防范。風雪災害天氣前,應及時更換溫室大棚內的生銹卡簧和老化的壓膜線,鋼架大棚內可增加支撐柱進行加固,室內頂部加裝暖風筒,溫室天溝頂面或下面加裝融雪管道(天溝外裝的融雪管,須通防凍液)。在發(fā)生風雪等災害性天氣時,及時閉棚防風。當大風預警超過溫室大棚防風設計能力時,應及時卸膜保棚,并將棚內可轉移的作物轉移到安全場所。如遇積雪,需及時清除大棚頂部積雪。在無支撐柱的情況下,積雪厚15cm以上并來不及除去時,需及時采取破膜保棚等應急措施,防止積雪壓塌鋼架大棚。
 
  2.寒潮災害防范。設施內溫度降幅較大時,室外用卷簾機械蓋好保溫被,室內開啟水熱、風熱等增溫機械裝備,如電暖氣、熱風機、電熱鼓風爐、增溫燃料塊、燃油熱風爐等,要特別注意用火、用電安全。減少通風時間,保持設施內溫度。
 
  3.連陰天或霧霾天氣應對。加裝植物補光設備、二氧化碳補充裝備、臭氧殺菌消毒裝備等,補充光照,增加光合作用,消毒殺菌。棚內安裝植物補光燈進行人工補光,使蔬菜每天見光時間不小于10小時。一旦出現(xiàn)太陽,在保證棚內溫度不降低的情況下,利用卷簾機及時揭開部分保溫被,增加棚內光照。
 
  二、露地蔬菜冬季惡劣天氣防災措施
 
  4.提高植株抗寒性。對于適合品種盡量采用育苗播種設備進行育苗和機械移栽定植,縮短緩苗期,提高成活率,并適時煉苗,提高植株抗寒性。
 
  5.提高植株抗逆性。利用噴桿噴霧機等高效機械噴施葉面肥、植物生長調節(jié)劑等,提高抗逆性。
 
  6.預防減輕漬澇影響。利用開溝、排水機械設備等及時對洪澇田塊排水,清溝理墑,排澇降濕,預防減輕漬澇影響。
 
  7.防寒搶收。在寒潮天氣來臨前,采用無紡布、稻草等覆蓋防寒,利用采收設備對收獲期遭受冷害的蔬菜進行搶收。
 
  三、冬季蔬菜生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)機械化技術要求
 
  8.茬口銜接。根據(jù)設施及田塊條件、前茬殘留作物種類及其處理方式,選配秸稈粉碎還田機、殘膜回收機等,對前茬殘留物清除或處理作業(yè)。合理安排品種結構和種植規(guī)模,選擇適宜蔬菜精密播種機或蔬菜育苗移栽機械,擴大速生葉菜、芽苗菜生產(chǎn)規(guī)模。
 
  9.施肥。根據(jù)設施及田塊條件、肥料種類及撒施方式,選用顆粒肥撒肥機、廄肥撒肥機等,撒肥機勻速行走,撒施均勻,在定植前施足基肥,一般畝施基肥2—4噸。
 
  10.耕地。采用拖拉機配套旋耕機械為主、微耕機為輔進行旋耕作業(yè),滿足多種耕作需要。作業(yè)深度15—20cm,碎土率在90%以上,土地細碎平整。對于粘性土壤可作業(yè)兩遍。
 
  11.整地。根據(jù)蔬菜品種、種植方式、農藝要求以及土壤類型,選用開溝機、起壟機等進行開溝、起壟(作畦)、壓實等作業(yè)。一般壟面寬度50—80cm,壟高15—25cm,溝寬大于20cm,壟面平整,壟行排列整齊。對于露地蔬菜,選用鋪膜機、起壟鋪膜復式機械進行鋪膜作業(yè),膜邊覆土寬度5—10cm,覆土厚度3—5cm。
 
  12.直播。根據(jù)蔬菜種子形態(tài)大小和農藝要求,選用電動(人力驅動)蔬菜精密直播機、機動蔬菜精密直播機或拖拉機懸掛蔬菜精密直播機進行蔬菜直播作業(yè)。對于露地蔬菜,選用帶鋪膜功能的蔬菜播種機。作業(yè)前要根據(jù)要求調整好株行距和播種深度,作業(yè)中要隨時觀察是否下種,有問題及時停機處理。機具粒距合格指數(shù)≥60%,重播指數(shù)≤30%,漏播指數(shù)≤25%。
 
  13.育苗播種。根據(jù)機械移栽所需苗齡,確定育苗播種時間。根據(jù)種子形狀大小、穴盤規(guī)格和農藝要求,選用半自動穴盤育苗播種機、全自動穴盤育苗播種機或全自動穴盤育苗播種流水線等設備進行播種作業(yè),一穴一粒。
 
  14.移栽。根據(jù)田塊條件和種植規(guī)模,選用全自動、半自動蔬菜移栽機進行田間定植作業(yè),作業(yè)前根據(jù)當?shù)剞r藝要求調整好株距、行距和栽植深度。一般要求生產(chǎn)效率≥3000株/小時/行,栽植合格率≥90%,株距合格率≥90%。對于露地蔬菜,可選用帶鋪膜功能的蔬菜移栽機,進行膜上移栽。
 
  15.設施環(huán)境調控。主要針對設施蔬菜,結合天氣變化,及時調節(jié)溫室內環(huán)境,確保溫度、濕度、光照等條件滿足蔬菜生產(chǎn)需要。根據(jù)條件選配卷簾機、卷膜機、通風機、熱風爐、熱泵、濕簾、二氧化碳發(fā)生器、微噴系統(tǒng)、補光系統(tǒng)等環(huán)境調控設施設備。
 
  16.水肥管理。加強在田蔬菜水肥管理,對于快速生長的蔬菜,適時適量追施肥料,建議選用固定式、移動式噴滴灌設備、節(jié)水灌溉(水肥一體)系統(tǒng),根據(jù)墑情和植株需求定量精準施肥。對于設施內蔬菜,宜膜下滴灌、深埋滴灌,切忌溝灌漫灌,保持棚內合理的空氣濕度和土壤濕度。
 
  17.病蟲害防治。主要針對設施蔬菜,在蔬菜定植前,采取物理、化學及生物綜合防治措施進行棚室殺蟲消毒處理。防病先降濕,采取通風除濕等技術措施,預防病害發(fā)生。棚內化學防治建議選配電動(靜電)噴霧器、動力(靜電)噴霧機、熱煙霧機或常溫煙霧機(系統(tǒng))等;物理防治建議選配臭氧發(fā)生器、殺蟲燈、吸蟲機、性誘捕器、誘蟲板等。
 
  18.植株調整。番茄、黃瓜、辣椒等果菜類蔬菜在生長過程中要進行整枝打杈、支架綁蔓、摘葉束葉、疏花疏果、壓蔓。甘藍等結球蔬菜在生長后期應進行折葉。各類蔬菜要及時清除老葉、病葉、病株。根據(jù)條件選用吊蔓器具、修剪器具以及移動升降作業(yè)平臺等設備。
 
  19.采收和運輸。冬季田間作業(yè)條件艱苦,蔬菜收獲及運輸勞動強度大,盡量利用機械進行收獲和運輸。莖葉類蔬菜一般要求成熟度一致性≥85%時可進行一次性機械采收,可采用割刀式收獲機將莖葉切割、輸送、裝箱,完成收獲作業(yè);果菜類蔬菜可采用半機械方式收獲,利用收獲作業(yè)平臺,人工采收,將果實通過輸送裝置運送至集果箱。運輸建議選配專用蔬菜采收搬運機、電瓶車、箱式貨車、冷藏運輸車等。
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