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北方春季蔬菜生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-03-15 09:44:28 來源：全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：18515 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：為提高生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平，保障蔬菜穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導(dǎo)組、國(guó)家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，研究提出北方春季蔬菜生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前，北方日光溫室越冬茬蔬菜處于收獲期，冬春茬果菜多數(shù)處于營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期，大棚春提早栽培蔬菜即將陸續(xù)開始定植，越冬的露地蔬菜逐漸恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。為提高生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平，保障蔬菜穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜專家指導(dǎo)組、國(guó)家大宗蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系，研究提出北方春季蔬菜生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、設(shè)施蔬菜
 
　　（一）溫度管理。越冬茬蔬菜溫室內(nèi)最低溫度保持在10℃以上，在出入口和前屋面近地面處懸掛薄膜、上通風(fēng)口的下方懸掛緩沖膜等增強(qiáng)保溫。若遇強(qiáng)降溫極端天氣，可多層覆蓋保溫或使用增溫塊、電熱爐等臨時(shí)加溫。冬春茬果菜類蔬菜管理重點(diǎn)是促進(jìn)生根壯秧和開花坐果，前期溫度白天保持26—30℃，夜間最低溫度保持13—15℃，長(zhǎng)勢(shì)強(qiáng)的可適當(dāng)降低夜溫，長(zhǎng)勢(shì)弱的宜適當(dāng)提高夜溫。
 
　　（二）光照管理。通過早揭晚蓋保溫被、配置植物補(bǔ)光燈、后墻掛反光膜等措施，增加光照強(qiáng)度和時(shí)長(zhǎng)，促進(jìn)光合作用。若遇連陰天或雨雪天氣，白天盡量揭開保溫被，使蔬菜接受散射光。久陰乍晴天氣，中午前后要適當(dāng)進(jìn)行回苫管理(放一半保溫被)，避免植株失水萎蔫。
 
　　（三）濕度管理。在保證溫度前提下增加通風(fēng)時(shí)間和通風(fēng)量，當(dāng)濕度過大時(shí)，在保溫被揭開后先進(jìn)行20分鐘左右的短時(shí)間頂部通風(fēng)排濕，然后再根據(jù)蔬菜生長(zhǎng)和室內(nèi)溫度情況進(jìn)行通風(fēng)管理。連續(xù)陰雨雪天氣，在中午溫度高時(shí)短時(shí)間通風(fēng)10—20分鐘。
 
　　（四）水肥管理。水分管理宜采取地膜下澆小水，或膜下滴灌、微噴灌方式。越冬茬蔬菜早春施肥宜堅(jiān)持少量多次原則，因地制宜增施生物菌肥、腐植酸肥、魚蛋白、甲殼素及海藻酸等利于養(yǎng)根的肥料，注意補(bǔ)充鈣硼肥。葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀及氨基酸營(yíng)養(yǎng)液，宜在早晚時(shí)段進(jìn)行，避免晴天中午噴施，以防蒸發(fā)濃縮產(chǎn)生肥害。冬春茬果菜類蔬菜坐果前盡量少澆水，若土壤干旱可適當(dāng)澆小水，并配合使用海藻酸、生物菌劑等肥料。坐果后逐漸加大水肥供應(yīng)，追肥時(shí)注意補(bǔ)充磷肥、鈣肥、硼肥。
 
　　（五）植株管理。春季溫室蔬菜易出現(xiàn)根系早衰和生長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)萎縮現(xiàn)象，要適當(dāng)疏果，疏除小果、畸形果，及時(shí)采收成熟果，適時(shí)整枝落蔓，摘除老、病葉片。
 
　　（六）病蟲害防治。加強(qiáng)病蟲監(jiān)測(cè)，抓住關(guān)鍵防治期，落實(shí)色板誘殺、防蟲網(wǎng)等綠色防控措施。及時(shí)清除發(fā)病植株和殘枝敗葉，防止病害傳播?？茖W(xué)使用高效、低毒、低殘留農(nóng)藥，優(yōu)先采用廣譜性煙霧劑或微粉劑防治病害，通過煙霧機(jī)、彌粉機(jī)等設(shè)備施藥。嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行農(nóng)藥安全使用間隔期，做到輪換用藥。
 
　　二、露地蔬菜
 
　　（一）苗期管理。采用集約化育苗技術(shù)，培育早春定植的露地蔬菜壯苗。降低苗床溫度，加大晝夜溫差，果菜類蔬菜白天氣溫不超過25℃，夜間8—10℃，甘藍(lán)、花椰菜等喜冷涼蔬菜可進(jìn)一步降低溫度至3—5℃。葉面噴施低溫保護(hù)劑或誘抗劑，增強(qiáng)幼苗在低溫天氣下的適應(yīng)能力。定植前先完成煉苗，一般在出圃前7—10天，控制澆水，保持基質(zhì)水分含量在60%左右。
 
　　（二）田間管理。新定植蔬菜宜采用地膜覆蓋，定植后適當(dāng)控水，提高土壤溫度，促進(jìn)緩苗。定植后如遇倒春寒天氣，可使用無紡布、遮陽網(wǎng)、廢舊棚膜等輕型覆蓋材料進(jìn)行覆蓋保溫。露地越冬蔬菜受冬季低溫影響生長(zhǎng)遲緩的，早春返青后要澆好返青水，施好返青肥，促進(jìn)根系生長(zhǎng)。
 
　　（三）防災(zāi)管理。對(duì)發(fā)生輕度凍害或低溫冷害的蔬菜，可葉面噴施氨基酸、磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥，同時(shí)根部配合施用腐植酸、海藻酸等促根肥料，促進(jìn)植株盡快恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)。生育后期，重點(diǎn)要加強(qiáng)水肥管理和植株調(diào)整，做好病蟲害防控。

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