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春季機(jī)械化管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)措施——2022年黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯行動(dòng)

2022-02-18 10:23:26 來(lái)源：國(guó)家小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系機(jī)械化研究室 閱讀量：16487 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀： 黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥去年播種期間受秋汛影響，播種時(shí)間普遍推遲，今年出苗質(zhì)量受到不同程度的影響，夏糧豐產(chǎn)面臨一定的壓力。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥去年播種期間受秋汛影響，播種時(shí)間普遍推遲，今年出苗質(zhì)量受到不同程度的影響，夏糧豐產(chǎn)面臨一定的壓力。針對(duì)當(dāng)下黃淮海地區(qū)冬小麥促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯行動(dòng)，特提出如下春季機(jī)械化管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)措施：
 
　　1.追肥
 
　　針對(duì)冬小麥不同苗情，利用撒肥機(jī)、灌溉植保一體機(jī)等開展追肥作業(yè)，保證追肥均勻。對(duì)底肥不足、葉片發(fā)黃、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)較弱的麥田，可在返青期每畝追施10公斤左右尿素，促進(jìn)次生根生長(zhǎng)，促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯，增加分蘗保成穗；對(duì)生長(zhǎng)基本正常、群體適宜麥田，可在起身期結(jié)合灌溉每畝追施15公斤左右尿素，以促進(jìn)穗花發(fā)育，培育壯稈大穗。
 
　　追肥時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇當(dāng)?shù)剡m宜的追肥機(jī)具和追肥方式。機(jī)具要具有良好的行間通過(guò)功能，而且施肥量易于調(diào)節(jié)；可采用機(jī)械撒肥、水肥耦合施用等追肥方式，在有條件或有需求的情況下，可采用無(wú)人機(jī)追肥。
 
　　(1)撒肥機(jī)追施：根據(jù)不同地塊或地域要求，采用不同類型的撒肥機(jī)對(duì)冬小麥?zhǔn)┯妙w粒肥、廄肥等。在撒肥過(guò)程中，撒肥量應(yīng)滿足冬小麥對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的需求。為獲取需要的施肥量，在施肥過(guò)程中要考慮縱向重疊和前進(jìn)速度的變化；不同施肥裝置對(duì)不同排量規(guī)定值、前進(jìn)速度和肥料種類的施肥量之間應(yīng)相互匹配；若撒肥機(jī)的動(dòng)力來(lái)自于拖拉機(jī)后輸出軸，牽引式撒肥機(jī)禁止機(jī)器轉(zhuǎn)彎，防止損壞傳動(dòng)軸；在施肥過(guò)程中保持機(jī)器勻速行駛，確保均勻拋撒肥料，不出現(xiàn)斷肥的情況。
 
　　(2)水肥耦合施用：根據(jù)冬小麥生長(zhǎng)、土壤肥力狀況等確定肥液濃度，避免作物肥害或施肥不足。水肥耦合作業(yè)時(shí)，不要提前將肥料撒到地表，以防區(qū)域施量不勻，造成燒苗。對(duì)于滴管系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)首部推薦選用泵注式施肥裝置，田間小區(qū)可采用壓差式或文丘里式施肥器。在常規(guī)肥料的基礎(chǔ)上，按照冬小麥需肥規(guī)律配置無(wú)沉淀、速溶的專用肥，水不溶物應(yīng)≤0.5%。施肥前，先滴清水20-30min，待土壤濕潤(rùn)后開始施肥；施肥期間及時(shí)檢查，確保滴水正常；施肥結(jié)束后，繼續(xù)滴清水20-30min，將管道中殘留的肥液沖凈。對(duì)于噴灌系統(tǒng)，建議采用注肥泵等注肥系統(tǒng)，進(jìn)行噴灌水肥一體化追肥，施肥結(jié)束后宜進(jìn)行灌水深度為3-5mm的清水淋洗。
 
　　(3)開溝追施：追肥時(shí)最好選用與播種時(shí)機(jī)型配套的追肥機(jī)具(追肥機(jī)、條播機(jī)等)進(jìn)行化肥開溝淺施。肥料直接施入距離冬小麥根部8-10cm的范圍內(nèi)，利于根系直接吸收；追施深度以4-8cm為宜；保證追肥位置的準(zhǔn)確以免開溝損傷麥根或肥料燒傷麥苗；追肥完成之后進(jìn)行覆蓋鎮(zhèn)壓。
 
　　追肥機(jī)排肥裝置可靠，施肥量可調(diào)；追肥機(jī)作業(yè)前應(yīng)檢查排肥量、追肥位置準(zhǔn)確率、排肥均勻性和斷條率、肥料覆蓋及傷苗情況等。作業(yè)時(shí)要注意對(duì)行作業(yè)，以免損傷小麥植株；密切注視排肥軟管內(nèi)輸送情況，若發(fā)現(xiàn)堵塞應(yīng)及時(shí)排除，并查出漏施地段進(jìn)行補(bǔ)施。及時(shí)添加肥料，箱內(nèi)肥料不得少于肥箱容積的1/3，肥料不得混入雜物，以防結(jié)塊堵塞和損傷排肥器。
 
　　2.施藥
 
　　(1)噴霧機(jī)噴藥：冬前未及時(shí)進(jìn)行雜草秋治的地塊，可在冬小麥返青至起身期及早進(jìn)行化學(xué)除草。早春氣溫波動(dòng)大，實(shí)施麥田化學(xué)除草應(yīng)選擇晴好天氣，于上午10點(diǎn)至下午4點(diǎn)采用噴桿噴霧機(jī)進(jìn)行化學(xué)除草。合理選擇噴桿噴霧機(jī)，采用噴桿噴霧機(jī)進(jìn)行防治作業(yè)，做到均勻噴灑，不漏噴、不重噴，以防出現(xiàn)藥害；交接行重疊量不大于工作幅寬的3%，同一地塊同種作物應(yīng)在3天內(nèi)完成一遍作業(yè)；風(fēng)力超過(guò)3級(jí)、露水大、雨前及氣溫高于30℃等情形下不宜作業(yè)。
 
　　(2)無(wú)人機(jī)噴藥：冬小麥返青拔節(jié)期以防治條銹病、紋枯病為重點(diǎn)，可采用植保無(wú)人機(jī)專業(yè)化統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治與群防群治相結(jié)合的防控策略，實(shí)施科學(xué)防控。當(dāng)田間平均病葉率達(dá)到0.5-1%時(shí)，組織開展植保無(wú)人機(jī)大面積應(yīng)急防控，做到同類區(qū)域防治全覆蓋。在早晨露水未干時(shí)進(jìn)行植保無(wú)人機(jī)施藥防治作業(yè)過(guò)程中，植保無(wú)人機(jī)可適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)高度和作業(yè)速度，以增加麥株根基部著藥量；病害發(fā)生較重的田塊，可隔7-10天進(jìn)行第二次防治。無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)在環(huán)境溫度0-30℃，風(fēng)力不大于5m/s的氣象條件下作業(yè)。作業(yè)時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮側(cè)風(fēng)的影響，來(lái)回的飛行速度和藥量應(yīng)一致，避免重噴漏噴；無(wú)人機(jī)飛行高度應(yīng)保持在作物上方1.5-3m；無(wú)人機(jī)的飛行速度應(yīng)根據(jù)農(nóng)藝要求的每公頃施藥量選擇，但不應(yīng)高于產(chǎn)品使用說(shuō)明書的規(guī)定值。在無(wú)人機(jī)施藥過(guò)程中，工作人員應(yīng)做好個(gè)人防護(hù)。
 
　　3.灌水
 
　　根據(jù)苗情和墑情，澆好拔節(jié)水，建議三類苗在返青期澆水，二類苗在起身期澆水，一類苗在拔節(jié)期澆水。建議采用“小白龍”軟管輸水+小畦或窄畦灌溉和滴、噴灌等措施進(jìn)行春灌。
 
　　(1)畦灌：面坡度控制在0.1-0.5%，畦埂高度15-20cm；畦寬應(yīng)與農(nóng)機(jī)具作業(yè)要求相適應(yīng)，一般為2.8-3.5m；根據(jù)土壤質(zhì)地、坡度和入畦流量等確定畦長(zhǎng)，井灌區(qū)砂土畦長(zhǎng)40-60m，壤土畦長(zhǎng)50-70m，粘土畦長(zhǎng)60-80m，渠灌區(qū)畦長(zhǎng)可適當(dāng)增加，入畦單寬流量3-6L/(s?m)。為使畦田灌水均勻，建議七成到八成封口。為提高灌水均勻度，可將單個(gè)畦田灌水分成2-3個(gè)時(shí)段，中間的間歇時(shí)段用于其他畦田的輪灌。
 
　　(2)管灌：采用地下管道輸水與管道灌溉的地區(qū)，低壓管道將水從水源輸送到田間后，建議采用“小白龍”軟管輸水+小畦或窄畦灌溉。灌溉支管間距50-150m，給水栓間距50-100m。建議氣溫在0℃以上時(shí)進(jìn)行灌溉，以避免軟管斷裂。為縮短灌水線路，擴(kuò)大控制面積，地勢(shì)較平坦的灌區(qū)，可沿田間道路鋪設(shè)軟管，在老灌區(qū)，可沿原有土渠或順耕作壟鋪設(shè)。澆地順序一般是先遠(yuǎn)后近，先高后低；田間灌水過(guò)程中采用脫節(jié)分段法，澆完一段地，抽掉一節(jié)管。為了使用方便，軟塑管每節(jié)長(zhǎng)度一般根據(jù)地塊大小和畦田長(zhǎng)短而定。應(yīng)該注意輸水管與水泵流量和壓力的配套，避免泵出水流量過(guò)高而導(dǎo)致爆管。
 
　　(3)噴灌：具備噴灌條件的地區(qū)和經(jīng)營(yíng)主體，可采用機(jī)組式噴灌和管道式噴灌系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行灌水，為降低能耗、提高灌水均勻性，機(jī)組式噴灌宜采用低壓噴頭。噴灌系統(tǒng)工作溫度建議在4℃以上，風(fēng)力4級(jí)以下。水泵及噴灌機(jī)啟動(dòng)時(shí)，為防止水錘現(xiàn)象，閘閥稍開啟即可，當(dāng)輸水管充滿水后再全部打開閘閥，直至所有噴頭噴水正常；調(diào)節(jié)閘閥開度，以調(diào)整入機(jī)壓力至系統(tǒng)額定工作壓力，保證噴灌均勻性。根據(jù)灌水總量和土壤質(zhì)地、地面坡度控制噴灌強(qiáng)度，推薦砂土噴灌強(qiáng)度20mm/h、壤土12mm/h，粘土8mm/h，坡度大于5%時(shí)，噴灌強(qiáng)度應(yīng)降低20-30%。
 
　　(4)滴灌：滴灌系統(tǒng)可選用不同類型滴灌帶，滴頭出水量2-3L/h，滴頭距離30-40cm；滴灌帶間距60-90cm(土壤質(zhì)地輕的取小值)，一條滴灌帶控制灌溉4-6行小麥。根據(jù)水源水質(zhì)情況，在系統(tǒng)首部選配離心式、濾網(wǎng)式、疊片式或砂石介質(zhì)式過(guò)濾器進(jìn)行過(guò)濾；每次滴灌前要檢查管道接頭、滴灌管(帶)，防止漏水，如有漏水要及時(shí)修補(bǔ)；及時(shí)清洗過(guò)濾器，定期對(duì)離心過(guò)濾器集沙罐進(jìn)行排沙；定期檢查、及時(shí)維修系統(tǒng)設(shè)備。

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