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酒泉機采棉經(jīng)濟再度升溫背后的機械化考量

2022-08-29 09:52:55 來源:甘肅省酒泉市農(nóng)機服務(wù)中心 馮正睿 趙嵐 閱讀量:17269 評論

導(dǎo)讀:目前,盡管酒泉市棉花種植面積呈恢復(fù)性增長態(tài)勢,機采率也在穩(wěn)步提升,但制約機采棉發(fā)展的“卡脖子”因素也顯而易見。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】機采棉是指通過使用機械采棉設(shè)備取代人工采摘棉花的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式,是促進農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、應(yīng)對國際市場挑戰(zhàn)的必由之路,通過推廣機采棉技術(shù)可以減輕采棉者的勞動強度,緩解拾花期勞動力不足,有效降低棉花生產(chǎn)成本,促進農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的發(fā)展。酒泉市棉花種植歷史悠久,技術(shù)成熟,是西北地區(qū)棉花單產(chǎn)較高的地區(qū)之一。
 
  由于棉花種植氣候條件穩(wěn)定,加之光熱資源充裕,水土配套程度高,酒泉市是甘肅省的優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)棉基地,全市植棉面積巔峰時曾達到90萬畝。傳統(tǒng)的植棉方式所需勞動力多,人工費用高,生產(chǎn)成本大,經(jīng)濟效益低下,再加上棉花人工采摘生產(chǎn)效率低,遇到氣候變化大的年份,由于不能快速及時采收容易造成巨大損失,給棉花生產(chǎn)帶來潛在風(fēng)險。
 
  多年來由于農(nóng)機購置補貼等國家支農(nóng)惠農(nóng)強農(nóng)政策落實,棉花種植機化技術(shù)已大面積推廣應(yīng)用,耕、播、植保等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)已全面實現(xiàn)機械化作業(yè),機械化水平均達到100%,但棉花采摘環(huán)節(jié)仍為人工作業(yè)為主,影響著全市農(nóng)業(yè)機械化綜合作業(yè)水平的進一步提高,已成為制約酒泉市棉花生產(chǎn)機械化發(fā)展的主要因素,植棉區(qū)廣大農(nóng)民群眾強烈要求用先進快捷的機械化生產(chǎn)方式替代落后低效的人工勞動。
 
  2012年:機采棉技術(shù)落戶酒泉
 
  針對酒泉市棉花收獲亟需發(fā)展采棉機械化的實際,從2012年開始,酒泉市從新疆引進機采棉技術(shù)在瓜州、金塔、敦煌三個縣(市)開展棉花生產(chǎn)機械化集成技術(shù)試驗示范,覆蓋三個縣市8鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)14村組(農(nóng)場), 2012年、2013年兩年共投入各類機采棉播種機55臺,采棉機2臺,累計試驗示范機采棉模式播種面積10725畝。
 
  其中:2012年2910畝,2013年7815畝,落實試驗面積45畝,完成采棉機收獲示范1800畝,占機采棉播種面積的16.7%。在引進機采棉種植技術(shù)和采收技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合植棉區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基本條件,酒泉市將機采棉種植模式、棉花品種、膜下滴灌、化控、病蟲防治、脫葉、采收等環(huán)節(jié)的農(nóng)機、農(nóng)藝配套技術(shù)措施進行集成優(yōu)化,通過試驗示范,對機采棉種植模式、采棉機和機采棉播種機的適應(yīng)性進行驗證,探索機采棉種植模式與酒泉市棉花生產(chǎn)的結(jié)合點,有效提高了機采棉農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合度,總結(jié)提出了適宜酒泉市特點的棉花生產(chǎn)全過程機械化作業(yè)技術(shù)模式和機械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)規(guī)程,為酒泉市棉花高產(chǎn)栽培探索了新路子,為大面積開展機械化采棉技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
 
  但從2015年開始,酒泉市棉花栽培由于受價格下降影響,種植面積從巔峰時期的90萬畝銳減到了2018年的14.3萬畝,全市機采棉技術(shù)的推廣應(yīng)用隨之進入低谷。
 
  以鄰為鑒:新疆機采棉經(jīng)濟變遷史
 
  新疆與酒泉毗鄰,兩地地理、氣候、水資源等條件極其相同。新疆耕地面積大,人均耕地在8畝以上,自2013年以來,由于棉花種植成本增高,平均每畝地僅采摘費一項達到800元以上,全疆棉花種植效益下降倒逼南北疆各地大面積種植葡萄、大棗、香梨、蜜瓜等瓜果,但瓜果產(chǎn)量上去了,價格卻下來了,因過剩而導(dǎo)致的嚴重滯銷極大挫傷了農(nóng)民的積極性。為改變此種狀況,新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團大力發(fā)展節(jié)水滴灌機采棉,并且機采棉的普及率以每年30%的速度遞增,2017年全國棉花產(chǎn)量548萬噸,新疆占到了全國74.40%;2018年全國棉花種植面積4519萬畝,其中新疆種植面積3787萬畝,占比83.80%。
 
  2019年,新疆棉花播種面積3810.75萬畝,占全國種植面積的76%。2020年新疆棉花種植面積3752.9萬畝,產(chǎn)量占全國的87.3%。到2020年底,新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團100%種上了機采棉,地方80%種上了機采棉。機采棉種植在新疆農(nóng)業(yè)中已成為第一大產(chǎn)業(yè),成為新疆農(nóng)民增收的穩(wěn)定支柱,新疆棉花生產(chǎn)實現(xiàn)了機械化、智能化、規(guī)模化,2020年機械采摘率達69.83%,其中北疆達到95%。
 
  2021年,新疆北疆地區(qū)棉花機采率接近100%,全疆(含新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團)棉花機采率突破80%。因此,學(xué)習(xí)借鑒新疆機采棉經(jīng)濟變遷規(guī)律,通過繼續(xù)推廣應(yīng)用機械化生產(chǎn)模式降低棉花種植成本,提高棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)效益對于酒泉發(fā)展機采棉經(jīng)濟具有現(xiàn)實意義。
 
  早在2018年,敦煌市敦川生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展有限公司認真總結(jié)機采棉技術(shù)模式,組織人員赴新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團考察學(xué)習(xí),并于2019年與新疆新合農(nóng)場、哈密信合棉業(yè)、敦煌富農(nóng)農(nóng)機合作社組成機采棉產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)盟,在黃渠鎮(zhèn)建成千畝機采棉生產(chǎn)基地開展機采棉種植生產(chǎn)實踐取得了良好的經(jīng)濟效益。
 
  與此同時,瓜州縣西湖鎮(zhèn)以農(nóng)村“三變”改革為抓手,扶持推廣萬畝優(yōu)質(zhì)機采棉生產(chǎn)基地作為推動棉花規(guī)?;a(chǎn)、集約化經(jīng)營、降低成本的重要手段,打破傳統(tǒng)小農(nóng)生產(chǎn)的局限,增加棉農(nóng)收益,基地運用“公司+合作社+基地+農(nóng)戶”的發(fā)展模式,積極引導(dǎo)群眾以土地入股,每畝先期按照500元進行保底分紅,同時按照就近務(wù)工、集中安排的原則,優(yōu)先使用入股農(nóng)民在機采棉基地務(wù)工,為農(nóng)業(yè)增效、農(nóng)民增收闖出一條新路子。
 
  2020年:酒泉機采棉再度升溫
 
  2020年,瓜州縣西湖鎮(zhèn)繼續(xù)深化與新疆哈密天云棉業(yè)有限公司的合作,采取“連片流轉(zhuǎn)、就地務(wù)工”的方式,在北溝村新增機采棉種植面積1000畝,配套節(jié)水灌溉設(shè)施5套,通過強化農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合、機械化信息化融合、新技術(shù)應(yīng)用推廣,年產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)機采棉2600噸,打造建成了集約化經(jīng)營、機械化種植、標準化生產(chǎn)、科學(xué)化管理的“全鏈條”優(yōu)質(zhì)機采棉生產(chǎn)基地。到2021年,由于機采棉技術(shù)的普及應(yīng)用,酒泉市植棉區(qū)棉花種植面積達到196877畝,比2020年增加14824畝,全市機采棉面積超過了3萬畝。
 
  2022年,酒泉市棉花種植面積繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)恢復(fù)性增長態(tài)勢,全市棉花種植面積達23.15萬畝,瓜州、敦煌等縣市將發(fā)展機采棉經(jīng)濟作為鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)振興的主要抓手來抓,成為當?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的特色亮點,為深入推進鄉(xiāng)村振興奠定基礎(chǔ),如像瓜州縣南岔鎮(zhèn)以高標準農(nóng)田建設(shè)為契機,與土地集約化經(jīng)營、產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展、撂荒地整治、農(nóng)村經(jīng)營體制改革相結(jié)合,以村辦合作社為主體,通過與新疆鼎興農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展公司合作經(jīng)營,在九南村流轉(zhuǎn)土地發(fā)展2500畝機采棉,實現(xiàn)了土地集中管理,產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級。調(diào)查表明,酒泉市開展機采棉技術(shù)應(yīng)用,由于機采棉寬窄行栽培種植技術(shù)突破了傳統(tǒng)棉花種植技術(shù)模式,將合理密植、通風(fēng)采光、邊行優(yōu)勢等作物高產(chǎn)栽培要素有機結(jié)合,實現(xiàn)了大幅增產(chǎn)。
 
  實現(xiàn)機采棉后棉花種植完全不用河水,井水滴灌也只有原種棉井水的三分之一,一口正常的機井,可澆灌500—600畝地棉田,降低水費約三分之一,節(jié)約用水費65%左右。采用機采棉生產(chǎn)技術(shù)從種到管、收完全采用機械化,1個管理員可管理1000畝棉田,可節(jié)約大量農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力發(fā)展第三產(chǎn)業(yè)。常規(guī)種植畝產(chǎn)800斤的棉田僅采摘費用至少用去800—900元,但改成機采棉僅用160元即可,機采棉按畝產(chǎn)800斤計算,1畝地的成本費用僅用544元(1、犁地費50元;2、種子費1.5公斤*6元=9元;3、種植費35元;4、水費80元、5、肥料費110元、除草、防蟲、挖調(diào)管理費100;7、拾花費160元),與常規(guī)種植成本相差近1000元,畝收入按每公斤籽棉6元計算,純利潤約1856元,機采棉效益比常規(guī)種棉相比翻了一翻。
 
  問題與對策:大力發(fā)展全程機械化
 
  目前,盡管酒泉市棉花種植面積呈恢復(fù)性增長態(tài)勢,機采率也在穩(wěn)步提升,但制約機采棉發(fā)展的“卡脖子”因素也顯而易見。
 
  一是土地流轉(zhuǎn)緩慢,耕地地塊過小不連片,機械作業(yè)施展困難。敦煌、瓜州、金塔三縣市現(xiàn)有的耕地雖是條田地,但在上世紀80年代包產(chǎn)到戶后一家一戶為了井灌節(jié)水,大部分改成3—4畝的地塊了,要實現(xiàn)機械采棉必須進行破耕連塊,加快土地流轉(zhuǎn)速度,至少實現(xiàn)50畝的連片。
 
  二是棉花膜下精準滴灌系統(tǒng)不健全,配套程度低。有些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)田僅有滴管主管,要實現(xiàn)滴灌系統(tǒng)一次性投資大,大約每畝地在700元左右,況且對現(xiàn)有機井要進行改造提升,尤其是要加設(shè)井水過濾凈化設(shè)備及配肥設(shè)備,確保機采棉的水肥配施。
 
  三是農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合程度低。機采棉從種植到采收需要與采摘機配套,一臺大型的采摘機在一個采棉期至少要采收大于1萬畝棉田,采摘費才能降到最低,要發(fā)展大面積機采棉還需有專業(yè)的農(nóng)機合作社購買大型拾花機進行統(tǒng)一服務(wù),況且機采棉從種到收約6個月時間,種植的要求,品種的選擇,合理配水配肥需要成熟的技術(shù)支持。
 
  機采棉在新疆已成為一項成熟的技術(shù),得到了大面積推廣應(yīng)用,對解決棉花收獲勞動力緊缺問題、降低采棉勞動強度、加快土地流轉(zhuǎn)、擴大規(guī)模經(jīng)營、提高勞動生產(chǎn)率、加速棉花生產(chǎn)集約化、促進現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展具有巨大的推動作用。從酒泉市棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展前景看,機采棉技術(shù)是植棉區(qū)農(nóng)機化發(fā)展的目標和方向。因此,加快酒泉市機采棉經(jīng)濟發(fā)展步伐。
 
  一要學(xué)習(xí)新疆經(jīng)驗,結(jié)合全市高標準農(nóng)田建設(shè),加快土地流轉(zhuǎn)步伐,開展機采棉種植條件的改善和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施配套,發(fā)展棉花種植適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營。
 
  二要強化機采棉技術(shù)指導(dǎo),建立農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)人員與機采棉示范田有效對接機制,使農(nóng)民掌握種植技術(shù)操作要領(lǐng)和生產(chǎn)技能,掌握機采棉種植生產(chǎn)要求和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)特點,提高農(nóng)民解決生產(chǎn)中實際問題的能力。
 
  三要完善保障機制。強化“系統(tǒng)”思維,做好機采棉生產(chǎn)管理、產(chǎn)品銷售、市場對接、企業(yè)技改、信息服務(wù)、機械引進、技術(shù)培訓(xùn)等方面協(xié)調(diào)、組織和服務(wù),完善保障機制,推進全市機采棉經(jīng)濟健康持續(xù)發(fā)展。
 
  四要加大對機采棉技術(shù)引進推廣的政策扶持力度。針對農(nóng)戶購置采棉機負擔過重的問題,建議政府財政在購置采棉機享受國家農(nóng)機購置補貼政策的基礎(chǔ)上,給予購置采棉機累加補貼的扶持政策,同時探索嘗試開展融資租賃的辦法,解決農(nóng)戶買不起大型采棉機的問題,鼓勵引導(dǎo)種棉大戶或農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社積極購置自走式采棉機。
 
  五要加快棉加企業(yè)技術(shù)改造進度。棉加企業(yè)技術(shù)改造是機采棉技術(shù)推廣的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),通過對開展清花線改造的棉加企業(yè)給予一定的政策和資金扶持,發(fā)揮龍頭企業(yè)引領(lǐng)作用并盡快產(chǎn)生效益,達到重點突破,帶動全盤的目的,推動其他棉加企業(yè)進行技術(shù)改造,盡早實現(xiàn)機采棉技術(shù)的大面積推廣普及應(yīng)用。
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