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秸稈還田利與弊

2022-12-02 09:44:07 來源:江蘇省農(nóng)機推廣站 閱讀量:18340 評論

導讀:經(jīng)過多年的努力,秸稈還田工作已經(jīng)深入人心,人們認識到秸稈還田的優(yōu)點。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】經(jīng)過多年的努力,秸稈還田工作已經(jīng)深入人心,人們認識到秸稈還田的優(yōu)點。然而,事物都有兩面性,不能放大他缺點,但也要認識他的不足。現(xiàn)在,有些地區(qū)要求的時間內(nèi)焚燒,但大部分區(qū)域仍禁焚,我們就秸稈還田的利弊做一下分析,并提出方法解決短缺項,更好的貫徹落實國家推廣秸稈還田的大要求。
 
  (一)秸稈還田的利:
 
  1.降低勞動強度。
 
  從人工收割到半機械化,再到現(xiàn)在的機械化作業(yè),簡化了太多工序,農(nóng)民真正從土地當中解放了出來,只是在種、管、收各個環(huán)節(jié)中充當了指揮者的身份。秸稈還田就是農(nóng)業(yè)自動化的一種體現(xiàn),便利性的提高,勞動強度的降低,農(nóng)村剩余勞動力大量轉(zhuǎn)入城鎮(zhèn)務(wù)工,部分人員只是在農(nóng)忙時節(jié)抽取時間輔助生產(chǎn)。
 
  2.補充土壤養(yǎng)分。
 
  作物秸稈含有一定的養(yǎng)分和纖維素、半纖維素、木質(zhì)素、蛋白質(zhì)、灰分元素等,既有較多有機質(zhì),又有氮、磷、鉀等營養(yǎng)元素。秸稈還田,使土壤中的有機物有效增加,避免造成土壤肥力下降,使作物生長所需養(yǎng)分相對均衡。秸稈還田具有促進土壤有機質(zhì)及氮、磷、鉀等含量的增加,協(xié)調(diào)比例失調(diào)的矛盾,提高土壤水分的保蓄能力。
 
  3.促進微生物活動。
 
  土壤微生物在整個農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)鏈中具有分解土壤有機質(zhì)和凈化土壤的作用。有機物的合成由植物葉綠素來完成,由土壤微生物來完成有機物的分解工作。秸稈還田給土壤微生物增添了大量物質(zhì)源,各類微生物數(shù)量和酶活性也相應(yīng)增加。這就促進了對有機物質(zhì)的分解和礦物質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的轉(zhuǎn)化,使土壤中的氮、磷、鉀等元素增加,土壤養(yǎng)分的有效性也有所提高。經(jīng)微生物分解轉(zhuǎn)化后產(chǎn)生的纖維素、木質(zhì)素、多糖和腐殖酸等黑色膠體物,具有粘結(jié)土粒的能力,同黏土礦物形成有機與無機的復合體,促進土壤形成團粒結(jié)構(gòu),使土壤容量減輕,增加土壤中水、肥、氣、熱的協(xié)調(diào)能力,提高土壤保水、保肥、供肥的能力,改善土壤理化性狀。通過秸稈還田,能有效改良土壤、加速生土熟化、提高土壤肥力;秸稈還田能改善植株性狀,提高作物產(chǎn)量;改善土壤性狀,增加團粒結(jié)構(gòu)等優(yōu)點。
 
  4.減少化肥使用量。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達國家都很注重施肥結(jié)構(gòu),如美國農(nóng)業(yè)化肥的施用量一直控制在總施肥量的1/3以內(nèi),加拿大、美國為降低施肥量,大部分玉米、小麥的秸稈都還田。作物所吸收的氮主要來自土壤中的原有氮素,來自化肥的僅占23%-25%。這說明即使施用化肥,土壤有機物對作物生長仍是非常重要的。秸稈還田的增肥增產(chǎn)作用顯著,一般可增產(chǎn)5%-10%,是促進農(nóng)業(yè)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、高產(chǎn),走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路的重要途徑。所以,秸稈還田是彌補化肥長期使用缺陷的極好辦法。
 
  5.改善農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。
 
  原來農(nóng)村80%的秸稈主要采取燃燒處理,造成污染空氣、影響交通、土壤表層焦化等,有時還引起火災(zāi)。另外,秸稈隨意處置還會影響農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。所以秸稈還田有利于實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物的綜合利用。
 
  (二)秸稈還田的弊:
 
  1.還田量過大,增加成本;
 
  由于秸稈還田量過大或不均勻易發(fā)生土壤秸稈還田生物(即秸稈轉(zhuǎn)化的微生物)與作物幼苗爭奪養(yǎng)分的矛盾。所以一般每畝秸稈粉碎翻壓還田不超過300公斤,最多不超過500公斤,否則,會影響秸稈在土壤中的分解速度及作物產(chǎn)量。因此在秸稈直接還田時,一般還應(yīng)適當增施一些氮肥,缺磷的補施磷肥,或者增施一些菌肥,加速秸稈的腐化分解,但這樣又會增加秸稈還田的成本,有時農(nóng)民也不樂意。
 
  2.土壤間隙大,死苗弱苗;
 
  秸稈翻壓還田后,使土壤變得過松,孔隙大小比例不均、大孔隙過多,導致跑風,常出現(xiàn)種苗“吊根”情況,甚至出現(xiàn)黃苗、死苗、斷壟等現(xiàn)象。我們應(yīng)該采取的措施是適時灌水,或用石砣碾壓,使土壤與種子接觸緊密,能夠正常發(fā)芽?;蛘呤羌哟蠓鬯榧毝?,最好達到3.5厘米以下,但這樣就會增加能耗,加大成本。
 
  3.病原體帶入,風險加大;
 
  秸稈上往往帶有大量病菌和蟲卵,在秸稈粉碎過程中無法殺死,還田后留在土壤里,病蟲害就會直接發(fā)生或者越冬來年發(fā)生。秸稈還田給地下害蟲帶來了生存的環(huán)境和空間,近幾年呈現(xiàn)逐年上升勢頭。一般采取土壤處理及種衣劑拌種進行預(yù)防。
 
  秸稈還田是世界上普遍重視的一項培肥地力的增產(chǎn)措施,在杜絕了秸稈焚燒所造成的大氣污染的同時還有增肥增產(chǎn)作用。但若方式方法不當,可能會出現(xiàn)各種問題:首先就是有礙主茬小麥的出苗和苗齊苗壯;如果農(nóng)田土壤保墑措施再跟不上,還會加速耕層土壤"綠水"的丟失,進而對于冬小麥的創(chuàng)高產(chǎn)不利??梢哉f,秸稈還田的麥田出苗不齊和苗黃問題是秸稈還田操作不標準,連帶引起小麥播種質(zhì)量差所造成的。為了避免來年不再產(chǎn)生秸稈還田引起出苗不好和麥苗發(fā)黃等問題,對于秸稈直接還田技術(shù)提出以下幾點建議:
 
  1.應(yīng)使用無病健壯的植物秸稈還田,對上茬有病害作物植株盡可能運出農(nóng)田銷毀,防止傳播病菌,加重下茬作物病害。
 
  2.各類秸稈收割后最好立即耕翻入土,提高土壤墑情,以避免水分損失而不易腐解,在水田上更應(yīng)注意。秸稈還田后,在腐解過程中會產(chǎn)生許多有機酸,在水田中易累積,濃度大時會造成危害。因此在水田水漿管理上應(yīng)采取"干濕交替、淺水勤灌"的方法,并適時擱田,改善土壤通氣性。
 
  3.要用足夠馬力的機械將秸稈切碎,長度不超過5厘米,耕翻入土深度在20厘米以下,覆土要蓋嚴、鎮(zhèn)壓保墑,既可加速秸稈分解,又不影響播種出苗。這會加大農(nóng)機操作者的投資,農(nóng)民要想保障監(jiān)督落實是關(guān)鍵。
 
  4.配合施用氮、磷肥。新鮮的秸稈碳、氮化大,施入田地時,會出現(xiàn)微生物與作物爭肥現(xiàn)象。秸稈在腐熟的過程中,會消耗土壤中的氮素等速效養(yǎng)分。在秸稈還田的同時,要配合施用碳酸氫銨、過磷酸鈣等肥料,補充土壤中的速效養(yǎng)分。
 
  5.提高播種質(zhì)量。首先要優(yōu)選種子,對病情嚴重地塊,有針對性的選擇抗病性種子,并采取高效的種衣劑拌種,在根源上減少病害的發(fā)生。
 
  6.翻壓時間與水分管理。可邊收割邊耕埋,利用收獲時含水較多,及時耕埋利于腐解。土壤水分狀況是決定麥秸腐解速度的重要因素。在水分管理上,對土壤墑情差的,耕翻后應(yīng)立即灌水;而墑情好的則應(yīng)鎮(zhèn)壓保墑,促使土壤密實,以利于秸稈吸水分解。冬小麥越冬水的作用對于秸稈還田地塊更加明顯,能有效促進秸稈腐熟、土壤間隙小、小麥根系發(fā)達等。
 
  秸稈還田無形中增加了老百姓的種植成本,糧食價格本來不高,因此影響力農(nóng)民的還田積極性。秸稈還田是國家農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢所需,采取有效方式方法規(guī)避秸稈還田所帶來的弊病,科學管理農(nóng)田種植,環(huán)保和豐產(chǎn)我們也可以兼得。
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