指導(dǎo)意見 | 冬小麥防凍害保苗安全越冬技術(shù)意見

2025-01-31 09:55:29 來源：天津市農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：15469 評論

冬小麥防凍害保苗安全越冬技術(shù)意見
 
　　目前我市小麥正處于越冬期，全市麥苗長勢良好，一、二類苗麥田比例高，總體上看今年冬小麥苗情好于常年。今冬氣溫較常年偏高，屬暖冬年份，對晚播冬小麥有利，但部分早播地塊麥苗存在旺長趨勢。從墑情監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)看，全市麥田墑情適宜，利于麥苗安全越冬。
 
　　據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)測，1月25日—26日我市將出現(xiàn)中雪局部大雪、大風(fēng)、降溫天氣過程，氣溫也呈“斷崖式”回落，極端最低氣溫為-17℃。24小時內(nèi)溫度下降10℃以上，最低溫度在5℃以下時小麥就非常容易出現(xiàn)凍害。
 
　　一、下面幾種情況容易發(fā)生小麥凍害
 
　　1.播種較早的地塊(10月1日左右播種)。由于播種早、溫度高，冬前發(fā)育快，導(dǎo)致旺長。這類麥苗抗寒能力大大減弱，遇極端天氣極易發(fā)生小麥凍害，尤其是主莖易死亡。
 
　　2.播種過深或過淺的地塊。播種過深、過淺都會形成弱苗，其抗寒能力減弱，在遭遇極端低溫時，會造成整株死亡。
 
　　3.整地質(zhì)量差的麥田。主要是秸稈還田地塊，沒有把秸稈粉碎深翻到位，導(dǎo)致耕層土壤暄松，如果播種后沒有及時進(jìn)行鎮(zhèn)壓或澆凍水，不但會使麥田點(diǎn)片發(fā)黃，遇到寒流，還會因耕層跑風(fēng)漏氣導(dǎo)致麥苗凍死。
 
　　4.底墑差、土壤干旱，冬前過早澆水麥田裂縫多、氮肥施用過多或土壤肥力不足的地塊，遇到低溫麥苗均會發(fā)生不同程度的凍害。
 
　　二、預(yù)防小麥凍害的措施
 
　　1.適時鋤劃，增溫保墑。鋤劃可以起到松土、保墑、增溫，增強(qiáng)麥苗御寒能力的作用，對促進(jìn)根系發(fā)育和養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)化十分有利。
 
　　2.鎮(zhèn)壓控旺，確保小麥安全越冬。對秸稈還田地塊或地表裂縫較多的麥田，可在低溫來臨前進(jìn)行麥田鎮(zhèn)壓，鎮(zhèn)壓可以粉碎坷垃、彌合土壤裂縫，使麥根與土壤緊密接觸，防止冷空氣侵入而傷害麥苗。同時，鎮(zhèn)壓還具有提墑作用，可以增加土壤表層的含水量，有利于緩和低溫冷害。鎮(zhèn)壓時建議按照“壓干不壓濕、壓軟不壓硬、壓輕不壓重”的原則。
 
　　小麥?zhǔn)蔷哂蟹痔Y特性的作物，遭受凍害的麥田不會全部分蘗凍死，還有小麥蘗芽可以長成分蘗并成穗。只要加強(qiáng)管理，仍可獲得好的收成。一旦發(fā)生凍害，就要及時進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救，補(bǔ)救辦法可參考以下幾方面：
 
　　一是抓緊時間，追施肥料。對遭受凍害的麥田，根據(jù)受害程度，在小麥返青期追施速效化肥，促苗早發(fā)，提高分蘗成穗率。沒有水澆條件的麥田可趁降雪(水)前追肥，提高施肥效果。
 
　　二是葉面噴施植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，對小麥恢復(fù)生長具有明顯的促進(jìn)作用。
 
　　三是早春及時劃鋤，提高地溫，促進(jìn)麥苗返青，提高分蘗成穗率。
 
　　四是加強(qiáng)中后期肥水管理，防止早衰。受凍麥田由于植株體內(nèi)消耗的養(yǎng)分多，后期容易發(fā)生早衰。在春季第一次追肥的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)麥苗生長發(fā)育狀況，按照麥苗的需要，在拔節(jié)期或挑旗期適量葉面追肥，促進(jìn)麥穗發(fā)育，提高粒重，爭取把凍害損失降低到最低限度，提高小麥當(dāng)年產(chǎn)量。

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