2025年冬小麥春季測墑灌溉技術(shù)指導意見

2025-02-27 09:32:25 來源：全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：11746 評論

　　澆好春灌第一水、追好返青拔節(jié)肥，促進小麥強根壯蘗、健壯群體，是確保夏糧豐收的關(guān)鍵措施。當前大部分冬麥區(qū)墑情處于適宜范圍，但北方冬麥區(qū)越冬期間降水偏少、氣溫偏高，土壤持續(xù)失墑，河北中北部、山西南部、山東西部和中部及北部、江蘇北部等地墑情不足，局部發(fā)生干旱。未來14天北方冬麥區(qū)降水量仍較常年同期偏少、氣溫偏高，土壤將持續(xù)失墑并呈加快趨勢。各地要加強墑情監(jiān)測和灌溉指導，適溫因墑因苗抓好小麥春灌，促進冬小麥大面積提單產(chǎn)，為夏糧豐收打下堅實基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　華北冬麥區(qū)
 
　　當前大部分冬麥區(qū)墑情適宜，河北中北部、山西南部、山東西部及北部局地墑情不足至干旱。一二類苗占比超8成，部分早播小麥長勢偏旺。灌溉建議：墑情不足至干旱、土壤暄松的麥田，返青后鎮(zhèn)壓沉實土壤、彌封裂隙，減少水分蒸發(fā)，提墑保墑。在旺長的麥田，推遲返青水，在返青至起身前同向鎮(zhèn)壓2—3次，控旺促壯，促進根系下扎，減少春季分蘗，促進冬前大蘗成穗。墑情適宜的壯苗麥田，要控促結(jié)合，春季第一水推遲到起身末期至拔節(jié)期，結(jié)合灌溉追施純氮6—8公斤/畝。苗小苗弱的麥田，返青后可噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑或葉面肥，第一水提前至起身前后，拔節(jié)中后期澆第二水，隨水追施速效氮肥，分別畝施純氮4—6公斤。灌漿前期土壤相對含水量低于65%時小水細灌，避免大水漫灌引起倒伏。春季天氣變化大，要密切關(guān)注天氣預報。如遇“倒春寒”，在低溫來臨前及時灌溉，調(diào)節(jié)地溫和近地層小氣候，須確保田面無積水。5月下旬至6月上旬可能出現(xiàn)“干熱風”，要做好“一噴三防”，有噴灌或微噴條件的麥田也可提前噴水10m3/畝，降溫補水。節(jié)灌措施：軟管(小白龍)輸水+小畦灌溉每次灌水量約50m3/畝。微噴帶或大型噴灌機低壓微噴每次灌水量25—30m3/畝。移動式、固定式、地埋式等噴灌設(shè)備每次灌水量35—40m3/畝。淺埋滴灌每次灌水量約35m3/畝。水溶肥、液體肥可結(jié)合微噴灌少量多次水肥一體化施用，提高水肥利用效率。
 
　　黃淮麥區(qū)
 
　　當前大部分麥區(qū)墑情適宜，江蘇北部及山東中部局部旱地墑情不足，部分麥田長勢過旺。灌溉建議：墑情適宜麥田、旺長麥田可不春灌，及時采取鎮(zhèn)壓、化控等措施控制旺長。返青期出現(xiàn)干旱影響生長可補小水20—30m3/畝。如遇“倒春寒”，在低溫來臨前及時小水灌溉，確保田面無積水。三類麥田返青期要在日均氣溫穩(wěn)定在5—6℃以上時及時春灌，隨水追施尿素8—10公斤/畝，待地干時及時劃鋤；拔節(jié)期后結(jié)合降水或灌溉追施尿素5—6公斤/畝、氯化鉀3公斤/畝。一、二類麥田推遲至起身期、拔節(jié)期土壤相對含水量低于65%時開始灌溉，隨水追施尿素15—18公斤/畝。墑情不足至干旱或出現(xiàn)凍害的麥田在返青期及時春灌，結(jié)合灌水施用尿素10—15公斤/畝。墑情過多麥田應及時清溝理渠、疏通內(nèi)外溝系，排澇降漬。灌漿期可能出現(xiàn)“干熱風”，應做好“一噴三防”，有噴灌條件的麥田也可提前噴水10m3/畝，降溫補水。節(jié)灌措施：小畦灌溉每次灌水50—60m3/畝。窄畦畦長小于70m的田塊，可采用大流量澆“跑馬水”；畦長大于70m的地塊，可采用間歇波涌灌溉，每次灌水量增加到70m3/畝。軟管澆灌每次灌水量40—50m3/畝。噴灌每次灌水量30—40m3/畝。微灌每次灌水量25—30m3/畝。通過噴灌或微灌防干熱風時每次灌水量5—10m3/畝。
 
　　西北麥區(qū)
 
　　當前大部麥區(qū)墑情適宜，小麥苗情總體較好，一、二類苗比例高，但旺長苗和三類弱苗仍然存在。灌溉建議：旺長麥田返青期至起身期鎮(zhèn)壓控旺或噴施化控調(diào)節(jié)劑，春一水推遲到拔節(jié)期或拔節(jié)后，總莖數(shù)降至90萬/畝左右時，結(jié)合灌水追施尿素10—15公斤/畝。三類麥田水澆地在日均氣溫穩(wěn)定在5—6℃以上時少灌輕追，噴(滴)灌10—15m3/畝，畝追施磷酸二銨約10公斤，待地干時及時劃鋤；拔節(jié)至孕穗期結(jié)合二次灌水畝追施尿素5—6公斤；籽粒灌漿初期土壤相對含水量低于55%時灌溉。旱地土壤化凍后及早趁墑追肥，追施尿素3—4公斤/畝、磷酸二銨6—8公斤/畝。拔節(jié)期畝追施尿素約10公斤/畝、磷酸二銨5—8公斤/畝。二類麥田返青期鎮(zhèn)壓劃鋤，起身期土壤相對含水量低于60%時灌一水，結(jié)合灌水畝追施尿素8—10公斤、磷酸二銨9—10公斤。一類麥田推遲至拔節(jié)期灌溉，結(jié)合灌水追施尿素10—15公斤/畝。新疆冬麥區(qū)一般于小麥返青期、起身拔節(jié)期、孕穗期各滴灌1次，小麥灌漿期滴灌3次，每次灌水30m3/畝左右，春灌第一水可適當加大至40—50m3/畝。結(jié)合灌水追肥，小麥拔節(jié)期追施尿素15—20公斤/畝，返青期和孕穗期追施尿素8—10公斤/畝，亦可搭配磷酸一銨、磷酸二氫鉀等肥料。節(jié)溉措施：短(窄)畦灌溉每次灌水量50—60m3/畝。軟管輸水(小白龍)畦灌每次灌水量30—40m3/畝。移動式、固定式、地埋式等噴灌設(shè)備或微噴帶、滴灌帶等微灌設(shè)施每次灌水量20—30m3/畝。
 
　　長江中下游和西南麥區(qū)
 
　　當前大部麥區(qū)墑情適宜，局地墑情過多。灌溉建議：墑情適宜麥田返青—拔節(jié)期無需灌溉，墑情過多田塊應及時清溝排水；晚播稻茬麥田尤其要做好三溝配套，保證溝渠暢通，降低漬害影響。部分因晚播遲發(fā)、長勢偏弱的麥田要趁墑追施尿素等6—8公斤/畝，提倡噴施大量元素水溶肥，促弱轉(zhuǎn)壯。揚花灌漿期土壤相對含水量持續(xù)低于65%時灌水1次，灌水量為30—40m3/畝。如遇持續(xù)降雨、麥田出現(xiàn)漬澇，應及時清溝排水。抽穗期至成熟期有噴灌條件的麥田在“干熱風”天氣發(fā)生前可結(jié)合噴施磷酸二氫鉀噴水10m3/畝，以水調(diào)溫。湖北及西南易旱麥區(qū)要積極調(diào)水儲水蓄水，確保澆足小麥揚花灌漿水，結(jié)合“一噴三防”葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀10m3/畝或含腐植酸水溶肥料，增強抗旱能力。節(jié)灌措施：軟管輸水(小白龍)+小畦灌溉每次灌水量30—40m3/畝。低壓微噴帶(管)、小型移動式噴灌、固定和半固定式噴灌每畝灌水量20—30m3。

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